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GEORGE CALVERT. 
From a pastel />orir<jit in possession of the Maryland Historical Society . 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND 



BY 



L. MAGRUDER PASSANO 

(A.B. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY) 



WRITTEN ESPECIALLY FOR USE IN PUBLIC AND 
PRIVATE SCHOOLS 



FIFTH EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED 



BALTIMORE 
WM. J. C. DULANY COMPANY 



flgi 



LIB»«RV rtf CONGRESS 

TWo OoDJes RecBived 
SEP 10 1904 
(- Cooyrfght Entry 

CLASS <iC XXo. Na 

^ C©PY 6 



Copyright, liK)!, by 
L. MAGRUDER PASSANO 



Copyright, li)04, by 
L. MAGRUDER PASSANO 



Stanbopc iPrcss 

. GILSON COMPANY 
BOSTON, U. S. A. 



CONTENTS 



PAGE 
. II 



J, Introduction 

II. Settlement and Early History . » ^5 

III. Early History Continued -9 

IV. From the Overthrow of the Proprietary Government 

to the Beginning of the Revolution ...... 41 

V. Manners and Customs of the Colonial Period. ... 56 

VI The Revolution up to the Time of Independence . . 80 

VII. Maryland in the Revolutionary War 9^ 

VIII. The First Decade of the Nineteenth Century . . .118 

IX. TheWarof 1812 131 

X. After the War with England: Political History; 

Internal Improvements ; Society and Manners . . 145 
XI. New Political Parties — the Slavery Question . . . 162 

XII. Pohtics in Maryland, 1861 to 1864 171 

XIII. The Civil War ^^4 

XIV. The Political History of Maryland since 1865 . . .195 

XV. institutions and Schools 209 

XVI. Maryland's Progress 223 

County Histories . 239 

APPENDIX. 

A. A List of the Governors of Maryland ....... 299 



B. Statistics of Population, etc 302 

C. Articles from the Constitution of 1864 306 

D A Table of the Principal Dates in the History of 

Maryland J°7 

E. A List of Books for Consultation 3^° 

Constitution of Maryland . . . o » • • 3^5 

Index . . . o • • • 365 

3 



ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS 

PAGE y^ 

George Calvert Frontispiece 

First Monument to Columbus in America 12 

Cecilius Calvert 15 

Smith's Map of Virginia and Maryland 16 

Queen Henrietta Maria 18 

Landing of the First Settlers in Maryland 22 

The Lord Baltimore Map of Maryland 24 

Trinity Church, Site of St. Mary's 25 

Monument to Leonard Calvert 29 

Restoration of the First State House 31 

Great Seal of Maryland opp. 32 

Five-mile Stone, Mason and Dixon's Line 3^ 

Alsop's Map of Maryland 42 

The Old House of Burgesses, Annapolis 46 

The "Maryland Gazette" of May 24, 1745 5^ 

Old Fort Frederick 52 

Indian Snowshoes 55 

Laying out of Baltimore Town 57 

Baltimore in 1752 59 

Baltimore before the Fire of 1 904 60 

The State House, Annapolis ^^ 

First Court House in Baltimore 62 

Tobacco Hogshead, Ready for Rolling 63 

The Ridgely Homestead, Hampton 64 

The Carroll Mansion, Baltimore 67 

Warwick Fort Manor House 68 

Doughoregan Manor "9 

Tobacco Field 7° 

Colonial Note 7' 

The Chase Home, Annapolis 75 

5 



6 HISTORY OF MARYLAND 

PAGE 

The Brice House, Annapolis 77 

George Washington 80 

The Peggy Stewart House, Annapolis 8i 

Charles Alexander Warfield 84 

Burning of the Peggy Stewart 85 

Charles Carroll, of Carrollton 86 

Samuel Chase 87 

William Paca 88 

Thomas Stone 89 

Association of Freemen 90 

Thomas Johnson 9^ 

Thomas John Claggett 93 

Francis Asbury 94 

John Carroll 95 

The Maryland Revolutionary Monument, Baltimore 99 

Nathaniel Ramsay 103 

DeKalb Monument, Annapolis 104 

Mordecai Gist 105 

William Smallwood 107 

John Eager Howard 108 

Otho H. Williams no 

Lafayette 112 

Old Congress Hall, Baltimore 113 

Block House "7 

Old City Hall, Baltimore 119 

Washington Resigning His Commission 123 

James Calhoun 125 

A Baltimore Clipper 126 

One of the British Tax Stamps 13° 

Nathan Towson i33 

Battle Monument, Baltimore I37 

Bombardment of Fort McHenry 139 

Francis Scott Key 140 

" The Star-Spangled Banner " 141 

Joseph Hopper Nicholson 142 

Early Horse Car, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad I44 

View of Ellicott City i47 

Oldest Railroad Station in America 150 

First Locomotive on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad .... 151 

Mexican War Monument, Baltimore 152 



ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS 7 

PACK 

View of Hagerstown 1 54 

Edgar Allan Poe '. 1 58 

Roger Brooke Taney 166 

View of Battery, Fort McHenry, in 1900 172 

Lazaretto Lighthouse, Baltimore 175 

Reverdy Johnson 180 

Confederate Monument, Baltimore 184 

John R. Kenly 185 

Bradley T. Johnson 187 

Harry Gilmore 188 

Antietam Monument 189 

View of Frederick 191 

Early Type of Locomotive, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad . . . 194 

View of Annapolis 199 

Building of the Naval Academy, Annapolis 200 

In a Cumberland Coal Mine 201 

View of Cumberland 202 

Tower of Old Fort Severn 205 

The Calvert Coat of Arms 208 

George Peabody 209 

The Peabody Institute, Baltimore 210 

The Enoch Pratt Free Library, Baltimore 211 

Johns Hopkins 212 

View of Johns Hopkins University 213 

View of Johns Hopkins Hospital 214 

St. Mary's Female Seminary 215 

McDowell Hall, St. John's College 218 

The Woman's College, Baltimore 219 

Baltimore City College 220 

View of Baltimore Harbor 223 

Old Fort Carroll, Baltimore Harbor 224 

The Narrows, Cumberland 225 

Post Office, Baltimore 226 

The Court House, Baltimore 227 

The City Hall, Baltimore 228 

Entrance to Druid Hill Park, Baltimore 229 

Washington Monument, Baltimore 230 

Railroad Piers, Baltimore Harbor 231 

View of Baltimore after the Fire of 1904 232 

General View of the Ruins in Baltimore 233 



8 HISTORY OF MARYLAND 

PAGE 

Another View of the Baltimore Ruins 234 

\Vinfield Scott Schley 237 

Court Houses at Leonardtown ...» 241 

Chestertown 243 

Annapolis 24'; 

Prince Fredericktown 247 

La Plata 249 

Towson .251 

Easton 254 

Princess Anne 21:7 

Cambridge 260 

Elkton . . ' 263 

Upper Marlboro 266 

Centreville 269 

Snow Hill 271 

Frederick 273 

Bel Air 275 

Denton 278 

Hagerstown 280 

Rockville 283 

Cumberland . „ 286 

Westminster 289 

Ellicott City 291 

Salisbury 294 

Oakland 296 

Seal of the Naval Academy 256 

The Calvert Coat of Arms 259 

Tobacco Plant 268 

Seal of the City of Baltimore 293 



MAPS 

The Palatinate of Maryland 48 

Operations in New York and New Jersey, 1776-77 loi 

Operations in the Carolinas, 1 78 1 109 

Western Land Claims, 1783 opp. 121 

Maryland at the Present Day 1 76 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 



History of Maryland, 



CHAPTER I 



NTRODUCTION. 



The Discovery of America. — The Northmen. — Columbus. 

We who are living in Maryland at the present day can hardly 
think of America as an unknown land, but to its first settlers 
it was more unknown than the heart of Africa is to us. 
Nearly eight hundred years before the first colonists came to 
Maryland the Northmen, or Vikings, had sailed as far west 
as Greenland, and about a century later (A. D. looo) one of 
them, Leif Ericsson, made land somewhere on the northeast 
coast of North America. 

But these Northmen did not make settlements in America, 
nor did the knowledge of their discovery spread through 
Europe, and it was not until five hundred years later, in 
1492, that the New World was really discovered. In that 
year Columbus landed first on one of the Bahamas, and 
afterwards at Cuba and other islands, and carried back to 
Spain a report of what he had done. From that time on 
voyage after voyage was made to the western continent, its 
coasts were explored, settlements were made, and the New 
World was taken possession of in the names of the sovereigns 
of many European countries, Spain, Portugal, France, the 
Netherlands and England. 

11 



12 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 



Parts of America Possessed by the Different European Na- 
tions. Portugal and Spain took possession of the sliores of 

Soutli America and tlie Gulf of 
Mexico, the English and the 
Dutch occupied what is now the 
Atlantic coast of the United 
States, and the French, enter- 
ing through Canada and the St. 
Lawrence River, penetrated the 
heart of the continent by way of 
the Mississippi. 

It must not be thought, how- 
ever, that these divisions of ter- 
ritory were marked off as defi- 
nitely as the boundaries of our 
present States, for example. One 
bold explorer would sail out from 
England, and at about the same 
time another would leave the 
shores of Spain. Both would 
touch at several points of the 
New World, take possession of 
the country in the name of his 
sovereign, and return home to 
draw a map of what he had dis- 
covered. Perhaps they sailed 
THE FIRST MONUMENT aloug the Same coast, there was 
ERECTED TO COLUMBUS ^o way of knowiug surely whether 

IN AMERICA, BALTIMORE. ^^^^^ ^-^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ -^ ^j^^^ 

did their maps would not look very much alike. So that 
endless disputes arose as to which parts of the New World 
belonged to Spain, which to England, and which to other 
countries. In general, each sovereign claimed the whole 





1 


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i 

! 
•1 

M 

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^^^^^^^^^ 


3 


^ 

igl 



INTRODUCTION. 13 

of the New World, and actually possessed whatever part of 
it he could keep, either by force or by diplomacy. In course 
of time, however, the regions were settled by the different 
nations in the way we have described above. It is interest- 
ing to note, too, that the first voyagers did not even know 
they had found a new continent. They thought they had 
reached Asia and the East Indies by sailing westward. 

The First Permanent English Colony. It took a long time 
to accomplish these discoveries and explorations, and it was 
more than a hundred years after the first voyage of Columbus 
that the first permanent English colony was planted in 
America, at Jamestown, in Virginia. By that time the Eng- 
lish had abandoned the idea of drawing from their posses- 
sions vast treasures in gold and silver as the Spaniards 
had done from Mexico and Peru, and had even passed 
beyond the idea of great companies formed to trade in furs 
and other products of the New World to the more stable 
idea of building homes there. It was the growth from 
exploration to " exploitation," and from exploitation to set- 
tlement. 

Maryland Compared with the Other English Colonies. There 
were differences and resemblances between Maryland and 
the other English colonies. The colony differed from the 
settlements of New England, New York, Virginia and the 
Carolinas in being under the control of one man only, 
whereas these others were organized by more than one man. 
New York and Virginia were joint stock companies, formed 
mainly, at first, for purposes of trade, while Carolina, which 
was granted to a group of eight " lords proprietors " and 
was thus, like Maryland, a jDalatinate, had as one of its 
objects the protection of the English colonies northward 
from the Spanish colonies lying to the south. 

Maryland, like the New England colonies, was founded 



14 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

with a religious motive, but with this great difference, that in 
^Maryland every man might worship as he thought best, 
whereas in the New England colonies, with the exception of 
Rhode Island, the first colonists were united in their religious 
beliefs and wished to exclude from their settlements all per- 
sons whose beliefs differed from their own. 

Maryland was founded with a noble purpose. It was 
designed to be a refuge for the oppressed of all religions, a 
land where any God-fearing man might by honest industry 
build for himself a home, and having built it, might live 
there in peace and quiet until the days of his life were num- 
bered. 

TOPICAL ANALYSIS. 

I. The Discovery of America. 

1. America an unknown land. 

2. When first visited by Europeans ? 

3. The first voyagers ; compare the Northmen with Columbus. 

4. Columbus and his followers thought they had reached Asia. 

5. Name the parts of America occupied by Portugal and Spain ; 

by the English and the Dutch ; by the French. 

II. Colonization. 

1. The Spanish plan. 

2. The English plan ; treasure seeking, trading companies, settlers. 

3. The English colonies ; compare Maryland with New England, 

with New York, Virginia and the Carolinas. 

4. Compare the religious motive in the settlement of Maryland 

with that of New England. 

MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS. 

"Who were the Northmen ? Do you know of any lands besides 
America that have been discovered ? Did the land in America belong 
to anyone when the European nations took it ? What right had they 
to take it ? Try to draw a map of the shores of a bay or banks of a 
river near which you live. 



CHAPTER II 



SETTLEMENT AND EARLY HISTORY. 

George and Cecilius Calvert, Founders of the State. Any 
history of Maryland may well begin with the names of 
George and Cecilius Calvert, two names in which the State 
may take much pride. To the former of these, the father, 
is due the idea of found- 
ing the colony ; and to 
the latter, the son, is 
due the successful car- 
rying out of that idea. 

George Calvert was 
born in England in the 
year 1579.^ After be- 
ing educated at Oxford 
and traveling on the 
Continent he returned 
to England, where he 
married Anne Mynne. 
He was a great favo- 
rite of King James 1., 
under whom he held 
many offices and by 
whom he was knighted 
in 16 1 7. Two years 
later he was appointed 




CECILIUS CALVERT. 

Fro7n a print in the Library of the Maryland 

Historical Society. 



* According to a pedigree given by Benedict Leonard Cah^ert to 
Thomas Heame in 17 18. 

15 



16 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 




SETTLEMENT AND EARLY HISTORY. 1? 

Secretary of State. In the year 1624 he resigned this office 
at the same time that he pubhcly professed the Roman 
Catholic religion. Whether he was first converted to that 
faith at the time or had before held it in secret, is not cer- 
tainly known ; but at any rate his religion did not lose him 
the King's favor, for in the following year he was made Baron 
Baltimore of the Irish peerage, and received large estates. 
He took his title fr-— ■^he name of his manor of Baltimore, 
in County Longford, in the central part of Ireland. 

Settlement of Avalon. Lord Baltimore was greatly in- 
terested in the colonization of America, and in the year 
1623 received from King James the grant of a part of 
southeastern Newfoundland. He sent some colonists there 
at once, but did not go himself until five years later, when 
he sailed with his wife and children, except the eldest, to 
the new settlement called Avalon. Soon after his arrival he 
was attacked by three French cruisers which he succeeded 
in driving off, but a worse enemy awaited him. The 
climate was so severe, the winters so long and cold, that 
half the settlers were sick and a number of them died. 
At length Lord Baltimore wrote to the new King of Eng- 
land, Charles I., that he was going to sail, with all his 
people except a few fishermen, farther south, and asked 
the King to give him a part of the lands belonging to the 
crown, in Virginia. In October, 1629, he arrived at James- 
town. 

Death of the First Lord Baltimore, April 15, 1632. Now, 
as we have said, Lord Baltimore was a Catholic, and the 
people of Virginia in those days did not like the Catholics, 
or, as they were then called, the Papists. Accordingly they 
forced Lord Baltimore to sail back to England. There, 
after much trouble, he received from King Charles a new 
charter, almost exactly like his first one, giving him the 



18 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 



province of Maryland, which was named after the Queen, 
Henrietta Maria. Before the charter was sealed, however, 
Lord Baltimore died, worn out by the hardships he had 
suffered in Newfoundland. 
George Calvert and Re- 
ligious Toleration. Every 
loyal boy and girl of 
Maryland should remem- 
ber the name of George 
Calvert, not only because 
he founded their State, 
but also because of the 
greatness of his character. 
One of the ways in which 
he showed his greatness 
had much to do with the 
history of Mar^^land. In 
our days no one cares 
very much whether a man 
be a Catholic or a Protes- 
tant ; whether he belong 
to the Episcopal Church, 
or the Baptist, or some 
other ; provided only he 
be honest and upright, 
courteous and kindly. But 
in the times of George 
Calvert, Catholics and 
Protestants hated each 




HENRIETTA MARIA. 
From a paifituig in the State House at An- 
napolis, by Florence . JMackubin ; copied 
from the Vati Dyke portrait at Warwick 
Castle. 



Other and did all the harm to each other that they could. 
Lord Baltimore saw how wrong this was, and intended to 
make of Maryland a land where every man might worship as 

To George Calvert is 



his conscience told him was right. 



SETTLEMENT AND EARLY ULSTORY. 19 

due the credit of having planned this noble scheme, and to 
Cecilius Calvert is due the honor of having successfully 
carried it out. 

Cecilius Calvert Receives the Charter of Maryland, 1632. 
Some months after the death of George Calvert his new 
charter, dated June 20, 1632, was given to his son, Cecilius, 
the second Baron of Baltimore, who was then twenty-six 
years old. Cecilius Calvert was as interested in the colony 
as his father had been, and worked all his life to further its 
interests. He never came to the colony, although he in- 
tended and wished to do so, because his time was fully 
taken up in England by opposing the enemies that arose 
against him and his charter. 

Maryland a Palatinate. It was said in the charter that 
Maryland was to be a palatinate : let us try to understand 
just what that means. In Virginia the Governor and his 
Council were appointed by the King of England, and they 
were often changed ; they had to tell the King what they 
did and why they did it. In Massachusetts, for a long time, 
the Governor and his Council were elected by the people 
as our representatives now are. Thus the government of 
Massachusetts could go on in its own way without having 
to ask the King's permission about matters. In Maryland 
Lord Baltimore took the place of the King, and was almost 
a very king. He could coin money, could make peace and 
declare war, could create a nobility by granting titles and 
honors, could create courts of law and appoint judges and 
other officers, and could make and carry out the laws. The 
colonists, while indeed they were British subjects, could not 
appeal from Lord Baltimore's courts to those of England. 
He was called " Cecilius, Absolute Lord of Maryland and 
Avalon." However, just as the King of England has a 
Parliament elected by the people, so Lord Baltimore had an 



20 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

Assembly elected^ by the Marylanders, to help hhn rule, 
and to keep him from doing injustice to them. There was 
also a council consisting of the high officials of the colony, 
and which bore about the same relation to the lower house 
as the Lords do to the Commons in Parliament. Lord Bal- 
timore, who was called the Lord Proprietor, had to send 
every year to the King of England, his over-lord, two Indian 
arrows, and had to give the King one-fifth of all the gold 
and silver got from mines in the colony. No mines were 
found, however, so of course no gold or silver was ever sent. 
The colonists were English subjects, and could travel to 
England and trade there just as any other Englishmen 
could ; but Parliament made no laws for them, and they 
could be taxed only by the Lord Proprietor wath their own 
consent. So much power was given to the Proprietor that if 
Cecilius Calvert had been an unjust man he could have 
greatly oppressed the colonists. Fortunately he was just 
and wise, and neither he nor his successors made a wrong 
use of their powers. It must be borne in mind, too, that 
Lord Baltimore spent large sums of money to found his 
colony ; and indeed the first expedition cost him about forty 
thousand pounds sterling. 

The First Expedition Sails, November 22, 1633. After 
much trouble and delay, two small ships, the Ark and 
the Dove, finally sailed from England on November 22, 
1633, in charge of Lord Baltimore's younger brother Leonard, 
who was appointed Governor, and two Catholic gentlemen, 
Jerome Hawley and Thomas Cornwaleys. There w^ere on 
board twenty "gentlemen adventurers" and about three 
hundred laborers. After stopping at several places they at 

* The Assembly, until 1638, was not a representative but a primary 
Assembly, consisting of all the freemen of the colony. In 1650 and 
after, the Council and Representatives sat as separate houses. 



SETTLEMENT AND EARLY HISTORY. 21 

last arrived at their destination in the New World on March 
25, 1634,* and landed on Blackiston's Island. Their first 
thought was of thanksgiving and praise for the safe termina- 
tion of their voyage, and their second of a suitable place for 
a permanent settlement. This they found two days later on 
the banks of the St. Mary's River, where they bought a 
village of the Indians for axes, hatchets, hoes, and pieces of 
cloth. The ground had already been cleared by the Indians, 
so that the settlers had only to plant their seeds and tend 
their crops. Before long they had such plenty that they sent 
a shipload of corn to New England in exchange for a load 
of salted fish. There was no danger here of the starvation 
and cold from which the settlement in Newfoundland had 
suffered. The Indian squaws taught the English women how 
to cook corn-pone and hominy, cows and pigs were got from 
Virginia, and in a few years thriving settlements were spread 
for miles along the Potomac River and Chesapeake Bay. 

The First General Assembly, 1635. The first Assembly 
was called together and the first laws were passed in 1635. 

Virginia Hostile to the New Colony. In all his dealings 
with the Indians Leonard Calvert treated them fairly, so that 
they lived on friendly terms with the settlers in Maryland ; 
but enemies arose among their white neighbors in Virginia. 
King James I. and King Charles I. had a bad habit of giving 
the same land in America to different sets of people, a thing 
which happened in the case of Virginia and Maryland. The 
Virginians claimed the land for two hundred miles north of 
Old Point Comfort, and if they were right in this there was 
no land left for Maryland. But, in 1623, before Lord Balti- 

* It was one hundred and ten years since Chesapeake Bay had been 
first entered by any European: Lucas Vasquez d'Ayllon, in 1524. 

The State Board of Education has appropriately named March 25 as 
« Maryland Day," to be celebrated in the schools of the State. 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 







w 5 
o ^ 

5 ^ 



SETTLEMENT AND EARLY HLSTORY. 23 

more had thought of settUng in Maryland, the charter of 
Virginia had been annulled. Moreover, the Virginians dis- 
liked the new colony because it was a settlement of Catholics, 
and because by its charter it had more liberal trading rights 
than were granted to Virginia. 

William Claiborne and his Settlement on Kent Island. A 
certain William Claiborne had made, on Kent Island, not far 
from the mouth of the Patapsco River, a settlement which he 
maintained was a part of Virginia. Although this settlement 
was at the time merely a trading post which got its supplies 
of food from the Indians, nevertheless by 1632 it was repre- 
sented in the Virginia House of Burgesses. Claiborne had 
built up a profitable trade with the Indians, exchanging 
knives, hatchets, and trinkets, for furs ; but by the time of 
the arrival of Lord Baltimore's company at St. Mary's, the 
Kent Island settlement had suffered severely from fire, 
scarcity of food, and Indian attacks. Claiborne, as Virginia's 
representative in London, had been one of the enemies whose 
hostile schemes had compelled Cecilius Calvert to remain in 
England. He is mentioned in the letter of instructions given 
by Lord Baltimore to his brother for the conduct of the first 
expedition. In this letter the Governor was directed to treat 
Claiborne kindly and fairly, to notify him of the arrival of 
the new settlers, and to invite him to an interview concern- 
ing his settlement on Kent Island. If he refused this invita- 
tion he was to be let alone for the first year, until further 
directions should be sent out from Lord Baltimore. The 
Proprietor also directed the settlers to " avoid any occasion 
of difference with those of A^irginea, and to have as little to 
do with them as they cann this first year ; that they connive 
and suffer little injuryes from them rather then to engage 

themselves in a pub lique quarrel with them." * ^ 

* Letter of instructions given to Leonard Calvert by Lord Baltimore, 
November 13, 1633. See Browne's " George and Cecilius Calvert," p. 56. 



24 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 




SETTLEMENT AND EARLY HISTORY. 



25 



Claiborne's Claim Supported by the Virginia Council. Leon- 
ard Calvert agreed to let Claiborne keep his settlement and 
trade as much as he wished if he would get a license from 
the Maryland government. This he refused to do, and in- 
sisted that his settlement was a part of Virginia. The Vir- 
ginia Council, of which he was a member, upheld him in this. 
Fears of an Indian Outbreak. About this time the St. 
Mary's settlers began to notice that the neighboring Indians 
appeared to be growing less friendly. An inquiry into the 
causes of this through an interpreter, a certain Captain 
Henry Fleete, disclosed that the Indians had been told that 

the newcomers were Spaniards, whom they hated, and not Eng- 
lishmen. This might 

have led the Indians to 

go on the warpath and 

massacre the settlers at 

St. Mary's. Claiborne 

was accused of having 

told the Indians this 

story, but it is not very 

probable that he did 

so. However, Lord 

Baltimore was alarmed, 

and as Claiborne still 

refused to submit and 

continued to trade with- 
out the required license, 

it was ordered that he 

should be made a prisoner, and that possession should be 

taken of Kent Island. 

Claiborne's Ships Captured with Bloodshed. In 1635 one of 

Claiborne's ships was seized and sold, Math her cargo, for 

trading without a license. Claiborne at once armed another 




TRINITY CHURCH, SITE OF ST. MARY S. 

Btiilt in 1824, of the bricks of the first State 

House, which stood nearly on this spot. 



26 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

vessel, the Cockatrice, and sent it out to capture any Mary- 
land ships it might meet. Lord Baltimore met this move by 
fitting out two vessels which presently captured the Cocka- 
trice, after a fight in which several men were killed and 
wounded. This occurred on April 23, 1635, in the Poco- 
moke River. On May 10 there was another fight and more 
bloodshed near the same place. 

The Dispute Settled in Lord Baltimore's Favor, 1638. The 
next chapter in the story is that disputes arose between 
Claiborne and the merchants to whom he sent the furs he 
got in trade. Claiborne had to go to London to settle mat- 
ters with them, and in his absence Leonard Calvert took 
possession of Kent Island, and Palmer's Island, at the head 
of the Chesapeake. He found there two leaders who kept 
the settlers from submitting, John Boteler, who was Clai- 
borne's brother-in-law, and Thomas Smith. The latter had 
gone northward to the settlement on Palmer's Island, where, 
he thought, he had passed the limits of Lord Baltimore's 
colony. There, it was said, he had persuaded the fierce 
Susquehannoughs to attack St. Mary's. Governor Calvert 
took both these men prisoners, and they w^ere both tried for 
piracy and condemned. Boteler, showing a good disposi- 
tion, was pardoned, and was afterwards appointed com- 
mander of the militia of the island. He remained faithful 
to the government from that time on. It is not known what 
became of Smith. This happened in February, 1638, and 
two months later, in April, the whole dispute was finally 
settled in England in Lord Baltimore's favor by the Board 
of Commissioners for the Plantations, 

The *' Plundering Time " of Ingle and Claiborne. Clai- 
borne, however, bided his time. Six years later he invaded 
Maryland and took Kent Island. At the same time, one 
Richard Ingle, a tobacco trader and agent of Parliament, 



SETTLEMENT AND EARLY HISTORY. 27 

captured St. Mary's with an armed force. For a year or 
more Ingle and his followers sailed about the Chesapeake, 
seizing tobacco, corn, cattle and other goods. The Gov- 
ernor took refuge in Virginia until, in the end of the year 
1646, with a force of Marylanders and Virginians he suc- 
ceeded in driving out both Claiborne and Ingle. During 
these disturbances the great seal and the official records of 
the colony were lost or stolen. The latter could not be re- 
placed, but the former Lord Baltimore replaced by a new 
seal much like the old one. At various times since other 
seals were adopted, but in 1876 Lord Baltimore's design was 
restored and is now the one in use. 

TOPICAL ANALYSIS. 

I. George Calvert. 

1. Give the dates of his birth and death. 

2. Tell about his character and his religious belief. 
3.. About his rank and the offices he filled. 

4. Was befriended by King James L 

5. His first colony in America. 

6. Why the settlement of Avalon was a failure. 

7. His new charter. Did he receive it ? 

8. The origin of the name of Maryland. 

IL Crcilht.s Calvert 

1. Was born in what year? Died when ? 

2. How related to George Calvert ? 

3. Why did he never visit his colony ? 

4. His character. 

in. The Maryland Charter. 

1. Maryland a " palatinate " ; explain what this means. 

2. What is meant by the " Lord Proprietor? " 

3. Explain the relations of the King of England to the govern- 

ment of the colony. 

4. The relations of Lord Baltimore to the government of the col- 

ony and to the King. 



28 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

III. The Maryland Charter {continued). 

5, In what sense were the colonists British subjects ? 

6, How were their rights safeguarded ? 

7, Compare the governments of Virginia and Massachusetts with 

that of Maryland. 

IV. The First Expedition. 

1. When did it sail, and what were the nanies of the ships it 

sailed in ? 

2. Was composed of how many and what kinds of persons ? 

3. Where did they land in Maryland, and when ? 

4. Tell about the oldest city and iirst capital of the colony? 

5. How was the land for its site obtained ? 

6. Why were the Indians friendly toward the settlement ? 

7. Compare the setdement of St. Mary's with that of Avalon. 

V. Enemies of the Colony. 

1. Virginia; give three reasons for her hostility. 

2. The Kent Island station ; its history. 

3. Who was William Claiborne, and what was his connection with 

Virginia? 

4. Lord Baltimore's fairness to Claiborne. 

5. Instructions to his brother, Leonard Calvert, on the question. 

6. Was Kent Island a part of Maryland or of Virginia ? 

7. Tell about Palmer's Island and its claimants. 

8. Fears of Indian outbreaks. 

9. How was the dispute wit-h Claiborne settled ? 
ID. The "Plundering Time," why so called? 

II. Who was Richard Ingle? 

MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS. 

Was it an easy voyage from England to America at the time when 
the colonists first came to Maryland ? How large were the vessels of 
the first expedition ? Why did not Lord Baltimore pay the Indians for 
their land in money ? What is a trading-post ? What is meant by the 
records of the colony ? hy could not they be replaced ? What is 

the great seal of Maryland used for? 



CHAPTER III. 



EARLY HISTORY CONTINUED. 

Death of Leonard Calvert. Leonard Calvert died soon 
after, in June, 1647, naming Mistress Margaret Brent his 
executrix. She was a woman of strong character. With 
her sister Mary she had 
brought nine colonists 
to Maryland, had re- 
ceived a manor, and 
managed affairs as well 
as any man. She even 
asked to be allowed to 
vote in the Assembly, 
but this the Governor 
refused. 

Missionary Stations 
Broken Up. During the 
Claiborne and Ingle dis- 
turbances the missionary 
stations which had been 
established among the 
Indians were broken up, 
and the Jesuit priest, 
Andrew White, who had 
been one of the first 
party of settlers and was 
now grown old, was sent 
m irons to England, 




charged 



irons to 
with 



treason. 



MONUMENT TO LEONARD CALVERT, 
SITE OF ST. MARY'S. 

29 



30 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

He was tried and found innocent, but never returned to 
Maryland. He died in 1656. 

The "Toleration Act" Passed, April 21, 1649. I^"^ the 
meantime the troubles between the King and Parliament 
had arisen in England, and these troubles affected all the 
colonies. In 1648 William Stone, a Protestant and a 
supporter of Parliament, was appointed Governor of Mary- 
land. At the same time changes were made in the Council 
which gave the Protestants a majority of its members. It 
was under this Governor and Council that the famous " Toler- 
ation Act" of Maryland was passed, in 1649, the year 
in which Charles I. was beheaded. This Act decreed, 
among other things, that it be " ordered and enacted . . . 
that noe person or persons whatsoever within this Pro- 
vince, . . . professing to believe in Jesus Christ, shall from 
henceforth bee any waies troubled, molested or discoun- 
tenanced for or in respect ,ta^ his, or her religion." Re- 
ligious freedom had been 1^ ;"]^ - i:)altimore's policy from the 
beginning, and this " Act Concerning Religion," the liberal 
features of which were doubtless due to himself, simply em- 
bodied his policy in the law. The law was lived up to by 
all the Proprietors, and it was only at such times as their 
power was overthrown that men were persecuted for religion's 
sake. 

The Assembly Becomes Representative: The "Hundred." 
As we have said (page 20, footnote), the Assembly until 1638 
was a primary assembly, that is, one in which all the free- 
men of the colony took part, either in person or by individu- 
ally giving someone authority to vote for them. Persons 
having such authority were called " proxies." After that 
date the Assembly was representative, that is, the freemen 
living in a certain district would elect some one of their 
number as a member of the Assembly to look after their 



EARLY HISTORY CONTINUED. 31 

interests. These districts were called " hundreds," and were 
political divisions smaller than counties. The name arose 
from the fact that in early times in England, whence the 
colonists brought their political ideas, the hundred was such 
a community as could furnish one hundred men for military 
service. In course of time the name passed out of use and 
the county, divided into election districts, became the 
political unit. 

Disputes as to the Initiative in Making Laws. The second 




RESTORATION OF THE FIRST STATE HOUSE IN MARYLAND, AT 

ST. 'MARY'S. 

From " Chro7iicIes of Colonial Afaryland," by pertitissio}i of the a7tt/ior, 

fas. IV. 'fhoinas. 

Assembly, which met in 1638, and those immediately fol- 
lowing had already passed laws for governing the colony. 
There was some discussion with the Lord Proprietor as to 
whether he or the Assembly should have the right to make the 
laws. The charter said that the Proprietor could make laws 
which the Assembly might either accept or reject ; but the 
colonists were not satisfied with this arrangement. The 
Assembly of 1638 had rejected a body of laws sent out by 
the Proprietor in the care of Secretary John Lewger, and had 
itself drawn up a small code, altered slightly from that of 



32 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

Lord Baltimore, which was sent to England for the Pro- 
prietor's assent. These laws were probably the work of 
Secretary Lewger, a man of much ability and deeply learned 
in English law. However, these laws did not go into effect 
either, probably because Lord Baltimore did not assent to 
them. Before long Lord Baltimore agreed that the Assembly 
might take the initiative, and that the laws they passed should 
take effect at once, on the Governor's approval, without 
waiting for the Proprietor's assent. This was done because 
the voyage to England and back took so long a time. How- 
ever, before the Acts of the Assembly finally became the 
law of the colony they had to be approved by Lord Balti- 
more ; and if he disapproved them, vetoed them, they did 
not become the law at all. 

Puritans Settle in Maryland, 1649. Good men make good 
laws and good men obey them ; but there are always some 
people who are ready to squabble and fight and take ad- 
vantage of their power. Thus the wise and just Toleration 
Act could not altogether prevent trouble in Maryland. The 
people of Virginia thought it very wrong that King Charles 
had been beheaded and would not let anyone remain in their 
colony who thought otherwise, so that a number of Puritans 
who had been living there were driven from their homes. 
In the year 1649 about three hundred of them came to 
Maryland, where they were kindly received by Governor 
Stone. He permitted them, and about seven hundred more 
who came during the next few months, to settle on the 
Severn River at a place which they named Providence. 

They began to make trouble almost immediately. A 
memorial was sent to Parliament, complaining of the Jesuits 
in Maryland and that the Protestants were ill-treated. . Vir- 
ginia had declared Charles II. King on the death of his 
father; and when, in 1651, Parliament sent a fleet to over- 



Z _ 

o z 
o 



H Z 
I m 



^ CO 



o 3 

m ^ 




I 



Early history continued. 33 

come the revolt in that colony, the enemies of Maryland, 
among them William Claiborne, whom we already know, and 
Richard Bennett, one of the Puritans who had fled from 
Virginia to Maryland, succeeded in having Maryland joined 
with Virginia as being in revolt. It was also urged that the 
two be made into a single colony. The Puritans at Provi- 
dence seemed to wish that their colony might be entirely 
independent of Lord Baltimore's government. 

Puritans Get Control of the Government, 1654. In the year 
1654 they got control of the government, by excluding all 
Catholics from office and allowing none of them even to 
vote. They forced Governor Stone to resign, and named 
Captain William Fuller Governor in his stead. Forgetting 
that they had been welcomed by a Catholic when they fled 
from persecution in Virginia, they passed a law which said 
that every person might worship as he pleased, except 
Catholics, Episcopalians, and those who, " under the pro- 
fession of Christ, hold forth and practice licentiousness." 
This last expression could be made to mean anyone who did 
not worship in the Puritan w^ay. 

The Battle of the Severn, 1655. Acting on Lord Balti- 
more's orders. Governor Stone, with a small force of one 
hundred and thirty men, advanced to the settlement at 
Providence, where he arrived March 24, 1655. He was 
met by Fuller and a force of one hundred and seventy-five 
men. A fight followed between the two little armies, in 
which Fuller won the victory with the help of two merchant 
vessels, one from London and one from New England. 
Governor Stone being promised quarter surrendered, but 
Fuller condemned him and nine others to death by court- 
martial. Four were executed, but Stone and the remainder 
were saved by the soldiers and w^omen. The victors now 
took possession of the great seal and records of Maryland 



34 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

and the property of those who opposed them. But in 
the meanwhile Parliament had been overthrown by Crom- 
well, and Cromwell took Lord Baltimore's part. When 
the Puritans learned this they gave up the struggle, and in 
March, 1658, the authority of Governor Josias Fendall, who 
was appointed by Lord Baltimore, was acknowledged by 
every one. The name of the Puritan settlement was changed 
to Anne Arundel County, and the city which later grew up 
there was called Annapolis. 

Fendall's Rebellion. Oliver Cromwell died in 1658, and 
for nine months England was without king or ruler, until 
Charles II. came to the throne. Governor Fendall and the 
Puritans thought that as Lord Baltimore had been befriended 
by Cromwell he would not be favored by King Charles. 
Therefore they persuaded the lower house of Burgesses, 
elected by the people, to declare that they were independent 
of Lord Baltimore and to do away with the upper house, or 
Council, most of whose members were supporters of the 
Proprietor. Fendall surrendered his commission from Lord 
Baltimore and then received the governorship anew in the 
name of the Assembly, thus entirely throwing off the Pro- 
prietor's authority. Philip Calvert, who was the Secretary 
of the colony, objected to all this, but could do nothing, as 
the other party was stronger than his. Thus Fendall and 
his followers had their own way until King Charles declared 
that every one in Maryland should obey Lord Baltimore. 
Philip Calvert was appointed Governor and was ordered to 
hang Fendall, his chief helper William Fuller, and any 
others whom he saw fit to execute. However, the new Gov- 
ernor, meeting with no resistance, put no one to death, but 
contented himself with banishing some and confiscating 
their goods. He afterwards decided to allow even these to 
remain, and they were only fined and deprived of the right 



Early irisTORV continued. ^6 

to vote. Thus the rebellion ended, and in 1661 Lord Balti- 
more's son Charles was sent over as Governor, while Philip 
Calvert was made Chancellor. Charles took his family 
with him to the New World, and we find mention in his 
letters of a gift of two wildcat skins sent by " little Cis " (his 
son Cecilius) to his grandfather in England ; and of a cap, 
feather, sword and belt sent by the grandfather to little Cis. 

The Quakers Find a Refuge in Maryland. It was while 
Fendall was Governor that the Quakers, or, as they call 
themselves. Friends, first settled in Maryland. They had 
been persecuted in Massachusetts and Virginia, and so came 
to a colony where they might worship in their own way. In 
Maryland they were not molested because of their religion ; 
but it was thought they ought to be willing to act as soldiers, 
to serve on juries, and do other duties of that kind where 
there were so few men to do all that was needed to make 
the settlement a success. Governor Fendall had called to- 
gether all the men of the colony between sixteen and sixty 
years of age, and had selected the fittest of them for soldiers. 
This militia had been formed into two regiments, the Gov- 
ernor commanding one and Colonel Nathaniel Utie the 
other. The Quakers not only refused to serve in the militia 
themselves, but tried to persuade others to refuse. They re- 
fused, too, the promise to be faithful to the government, 
saying " they were to be governed by God's law and not by 
man's law." Of course such conduct could not be permitted, 
and therefore a decree was issued, ordering all the " vaga- 
bonds and idlers," called Quakers, to leave the colony. If 
any ventured to return they were to be whipped out of the 
colony. However, the law was not enforced and was soon 
done away with. 

The Swedes and the Dutch. In the year 1638, a party of 
Swedes had founded a colony on the west bank of the Dela- 



36 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

ware River, where Wilmington now stands. Seventeen years 
later the Dutch from Manhattan (New York) conquered the 
Swedish settlement and made two provinces of the land 
thereabout. Colonel Utie was sent to tell them that they 
had settled in Maryland and would have to live under the 
government of that colony. Word of this was taken to Peter 
Stuyvesant at Manhattan, who sent two men, Augustine 
Herman and Resolved Waldron to discuss the matter with 
the agents of Maryland. Waldron went back to Stuyvesant 
to tell him that no agreement could be come to, while Her- 
man went on to Virginia to try to get help from that prov- 
ince. While traveling through IMaryland he was so pleased 
with the country that he offered to make a map of the prov- 
ince if Lord Baltimore would give him a manor. Lord 
Baltimore agreed to this proposal and Herman received a 
grant of five thousand acres (afterwards increased to twenty 
thousand) on the Elk River. He named his place Bohemia 
Manor. 

The First Naturalized Citizen. In 1666 Herman and his 
family were naturalized ; that is, an Act was passed saying 
that they, though foreigners by birth, were made citizens of 
Maryland with all a citizen's rights. He was the first for- 
eigner naturalized in Maryland, and probably the first in 
America. His map of the province, which was engraved in 
London in 1673, and is now in the British Museum, was a 
very good one for those days ; but on the northwest corner 
of it he marks the Alleghany Mountains near Cumber- 
land, and says: "These mighty high and great INIountaines 
... is supposed to be the very middle Ridg of Northern 
America." So little was then known of the great continent 
lying to the west of the settlements. 

Original Boundaries of the Province. The Maryland that 
was given to Lord Baltimore was larger than the present 



EARLY HISTORY CONTINUED. 37 

State, It included all of the State of Delaware, was bounded 
on the east by the Delaware River, and on the north by a 
line drawn above the city of Philadelphia. But a part of 
the land extending south from Wilmington was given by 
King Charles II. to his brother, the Duke of York, in 1664, 
and in 1681 Pennsylvania was granted to William Penn. 
Disagreement arose almost immediately between Penn and 
Lord Baltimore, as the former claimed the land for some 
distance south into Maryland. After endless disputes the 
sons of William Penn succeeded in persuading Lord Balti- 
more to give up to them a large slice of some four thousand 
square miles off the northern part of Maryland. This agree- 
ment was made in 1732, and in 1760 the boundary was fixed 
accordingly. 

Mason and Dixon's Line. The northern boundary of 
Maryland, Mason and Dixon's Line, was marked a few years 
later. The Proprietors of the two colonies employed two 
English surveyors, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, to 
fix those parts of the boundary which the agreement of 1760 
had left uncertain. Starting from the northeastern corner of 
Maryland in 1763, they had carried the line westward for 
two hundred and forty-four miles from the Delaware River 
by 1767. Fear of the Indians prevented them from going 
farther. The boundary was marked by mile-stones having 
Lord Baltimore's coat-of-arms cut on one side and that of the 
Penns on the other. The remaining thirty-six miles of the 
boundary were surveyed by Colonel Alexander McClean, of 
Pennsylvania, and Joseph Neville, of Virginia, and the line 
permanently marked in 1784.''^ Penn himself had indeed 
tried hard to take from Lord Baltimore the land as far south 
as the head of Chesapeake Bay, but failed in this attempt. 

* A resurvey of Mason and Dixon's Line was begun in 1900 by the 
"Ukiited States Coast and Geodetic Survey. 



38 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

He even proposed that Lord Baltimore should give him this 
big strip of land in the north and himself take enough from 
Virginia in the south to make up for it. 




FIVE-MILE STONE, MASON AND DIXON'S LINE. 
Fro7}i the original in the possession of the Maryland Historical Society, 

Then too, in the west, Maryland was to be bounded by the 
Potomac. This river divides into two branches, and it was 



EARLV HISTORY CONTINUED. 39 

a question whether the south or north branch were the true 
river. Virginia declared for the northern branch and Mary- 
land for the southern ; and although, later on, Maryland was 
proved to be in the right, Virginia refused to yield. In the 
year 1852 the Maryland Assembly yielded to Virginia all the 
lands in dispute, about half a million acres, upon certain con- 
ditions. These conditions Virginia did not fulfill, and the 
matter now awaits the decision of the Supreme Court of the 
United States. 

TOPICAL ANALYSIS. 

I. The Toleration Act. 

1. By whom passed, and when ? 

2. Its provisions. 

3. Cecilius Calvert probably its author. 

II. The Assembly. 

1. Was a primary assembly at first. 

2. What does this mean ? What is a proxy ? 

3. What is a representative assembly ? 

4. Each hundred, later, elected a Delegate to the Assembly. 

5. Tell v.'hat you know about the " hundreds." 

III. The Initiative in Making Laws. 

1. What did the Maryland charter say on this point ? 

2. The colonists refuse to accept its provisions. 

3. Were any laws passed? Explain. 

4. The Proprietor yielded in the dispute. Why ? 

IV. The Puritans. 

1. Where did the Puritans in Maryland come from? Why did 

they come ? 

2. Their settlement at Providence, 

3. Their memorial to Parliament, its object. 

4. Name two men actively hostile to Lord Baltimore's government 

V. Puritan Government of the Colony. 

1. How did they get control ? 

2. Who was their leader ? 



40 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

V. Puritan Government of the Colony {continued). 

3. Describe their law of religious toleration. 

4. The battle of the Severn. 

5. How did they treat the defeated party ? 

VI. Fendall's Rebellion. 

1. Cromwell and Lord Baltimore. 

2. Who was Josias Fendall } 

3. Compare the Burgesses and the Council. 

4. How did Fendall overthrow the Proprietor's authority? 

5. Charles II. and Lord Baltimore. 

6. How did the rebelHon end ? 

VII. The Quakers. 

1. Why did they come to Maryland? 

2. Their attitude towards the government and the laws. 

3. How were they treated ? 

VIIL The Swedes and the Dutch. 

1. Tell what you know of their relations with Maryland. 

2. Who was Augustine Herman ? 

3. What service did he render Lord Baltimore, and how was he 

paid ? 

IX. Boundaries of the Province. 

1. What were the boundaries of the province granted to Lord 

Baltimore ? 

2. Tell about Lord Baltimore's disputes with the Penns. 

3. Mason and Dixon's Line. 

4. Why was the boundary between Maryland and Virginia un- 

certain ? 

5. Are the boundaries of Maryland now definitely fixed? 

MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS. 
Who was Margaret Brent ? Who was Father White ? Who were 
the Puritans ? What is a naturalized citizen ? Why was it necessary 
for the colonies to have laws? Were the Quakers right in refusing 10 
perform the duties of citizens? Do they still refuse? 



CHAPTER IV. 

FROM THE OVERTHRO^i^ OF THE PROPRIETARY GOVERNMENT 
TO THE BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION. 

Causes of Dispute between the Proprietor and the Settlers. 
It must not be thought that the Lord Proprietor and his 
settlers never had misunderstandings or discussions with 
each other. The colonists in Maryland, like Englishmen 
everywhere, were for the most part law-abiding men ; but at 
the same time they would not consent to be imposed upon, 
nor to have their liberties infringed. They did not as a 
rule fight about such questions, but talked them over and 
argued about them. Sometimes they were in the right, but 
too often they were led into squabbling and rebellion wTien 
they were really in the wrong. Many of the settlers M'ere 
friendly towards the Proprietary government, but others 
thought it would be better if the colony were to become 
directly responsible to the King of England. Then, too, the 
dislike felt towards the Catholics was always strong. In 
Maryland only about one-twelfth of the population were 
Catholics, one-sixth belonged to the Church of England, 
while fully three-fourths were Protestants of other sects ; so 
that the Protestants far outnumbered the Catholics. Almost 
all the high offices were filled by kinsmen or friends of Lord 
Baltimore, while the people trusted to the lower house of 
Burgesses, or Delegates as they began to be called, whose 
members were elected from among themselves, to look after 
their interests. It sometimes happened, however, that the 
Proprietor took sides wdth the Burgesses against the Council, 

41 



42 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 




TO THE BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION. 40 

Cecilius Calvert Died November 30, 1675. In 1670 the 
Governor neglected to summon a few of the Delegates who 
had been elected to the Assembly, probably because he 
thought they would oppose his will. When he was asked 
why he had done this, he could give no good explanation. 
In this way he obtained a house of Burgesses not too much 
opposed to his wishes ; and therefore, instead of dissolving, 
as was usual at the end of the year, he adjourned the As- 
sembly, and thus kept it alive until 1676. In the meantime 
Cecilius Calvert had died in 1675, ^"*i Charles, who thus 
became Lord Proprietor, went to England in the early part 
of the following year. He returned, however, and governed 
in person from January, 1679, ^^ May, 1684. According to 
a statement made by Benedict Leonard Calvert to the anti- 
quarian Thomas Hearne in 17 19, his grandfather Charles, 
Lord Baltimore, was warned of the plot of Titus Gates 
against the Catholic Lords in England, and retired into 
Maryland by advice of King Charles himself. 

The Navigation Act. One chief cause of complaint, not 
only in Maryland and Virginia, but in all the colonies, was 
the Navigation Act. This Act decreed that no goods should 
be imported into or exported from the colonies except in 
ships built either in England or the colonies and manned by 
British seamen ; and that no sugar, tobacco, cotton, wool, 
and other products of the colonies should be shipped any- 
where except to England or to one of her colonies. The 
Act was intended to injure Dutch shipping, but its real 
effect was to injure the trade of the colonies. The Mary- 
land and Virginia planters had sold a large part of their 
tobacco crops to the Dutch, and now that they could do so 
no longer, the tobacco was left on their hands, or else had to 
be sold to English merchants at a ruinously low price. At 
the same time, they had to pay more for the goods which 



44 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

they imported from England than they used to pay to the 
Dutch merchants. In 1662 it was proposed that no tobacco 
sliould be planted in Maryland or Virginia during the next 
year, and in 1666 such an agreement actually was entered 
into by Maryland, Virginia, and the Carolinas, but it failed 
because Lord Baltimore vetoed the Act. 

Bacon's Rebellion and its Influence on Maryland Affairs, 
1676. The discontent at length grew so fierce that it led, 
in 1676, in Virginia, to a rebeUion at whose head was a 
young man named Nathaniel Bacon. Maryland seemed 
about to follow her sister colony in revolt. Bacon had many 
sympathizers in Maryland, and two of them, named Davis 
and Pate, gathering together a force in Calvert County, 
refused to disband even when Governor Notley promised 
that their demands should be laid before the next Assembly. 
Matters were becoming alarming when the rebellion in Vir- 
ginia came to a sudden end with the death of Bacon. The 
revolt in Maryland collapsed at once. Davis and Pate were 
taken and hanged, and peace was restored. 

Trouble between the Proprietor and the King. A few 
years later another cause of trouble arose, this time be- 
tween the Proprietor and the King. In 1680 a certain 
George Talbot, an Irishman by birth and a kinsman of 
Lord Baltimore, received the grant of a large tract of land 
on the Susquehanna River. Four years later, when Lord 
Baltimore again went to England and left his minor son, 
Benedict Leonard, as Governor of the colony, Talbot was 
put at the head of a commission of Deputy Governors to at- 
tend to the business of the office. We have seen that by 
the charter no taxes could be laid in Maryland by either 
King or Parliament, but this did not apply to custom-house 
duties. In collecting these duties the officers of the King 
frequently came into collision with the Proprietor's govern- 



TO THE BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION. 45 

ment, and there was much misunderstanding between them. 
In the year 1684 a small ship of the King's navy was lying 
at St. MaFy's, and on board of her, drinking with the cap- 
tain, was a certain Christopher Rousby, one of the customs 
officers. Talbot went on board the ship, and in the quarrel 
which soon followed stabbed Rousby to the heart. The 
captain of the vessel carried Talbot off to Virginia and 
handed him over to the Governor. There he was im- 
prisoned and would surely have been put to death had he 
not been rescued by his brave wife. She, with only two 
followers and in mid-winter, sailed the whole length of 
Chesapeake Bay in a small boat and carried him off to his 
manor on the Susquehanna. He was pursued immediately, 
and so hot was the chase that at one time, it is said, he had 
to hide in a cave on the banks of the river. His only food 
was the wild fowl brought him by two of his trained hawks. 
Before long Talbot gave himself up. He was tried and 
found guilty in 1685, but was saved from death by Lord 
Baltimore, who obtained his pardon from the King. 

This incident, and the charges which the King's officers 
were constantly making that they were hindered in collect- 
ing the customs duties and that the King was being defrau- 
de'd of his dues, led to ill-will towards the Proprietary 
government on the part of the crown. This was the state 
of affairs when in 1688 King James H., who was a Catholic, 
abdicated his throne and was succeeded by the Protestants 
William and Mary. Lord Baltimore at once sent off a 
messenger to Maryland telling the Council to proclaim 
WiUiam and Mary ; but his messenger died on the voyage, 
and before a second could arrive in the colony trouble had 
come. All the other colonies were proclaiming the new 
rulers of England, but the Council of Maryland still de- 
layed. Many of the colonists thought this delay was part 



46 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 



of a plot by the Catholics in favor of the deposed King 
James. 

The Revolution of 1689. At length, in July, 1689, a cer- 
tain John Coode, a wicked and immoral man, at the head of 
seven hundred armed followers, drove the Council out of 
St. Mary's, captured them, and sent word of what he had 
done to King William in the name of the Protestants of 
Maryland, asking the King to take charge of the govern- 




THE OLD HOUSE OF BURGESSES AT ANNAPOLIS, USED AS THE 
STATE TREASURY UNTIL DECEMBER, 1903. 

ment. Associated with Coode were Nehemiah Blackiston, 
collector of customs ; Kenelm Cheseldyn, speaker of the 
House, and Colonel Henry Jowles. These men falsely 
accused the " Papists " of entering into a plot with the 
Indians to murder all the Protestants in the colony. 

Maryland Becomes a Royal Colony, 1691. The King was 
willing enough to take possession of the colony, and accord- 
ingly, in August, 1 69 1, sent out Sir Lionel Copley to be the 
first royal Governor. The Proprietor no longer had any 
part in the government of his colony. All the officers were 
appointed by the crown, and the laws passed by the As- 



TO THE BEGINNINC; OF TIIK REVOLUTION. 47 

sembly were sent to the King for approval instead of to 
Lord Baltimore. However, all the rent of land was still 
paid to Lord Baltimore, and he still was the owner of lands 
not yet granted to settlers. Moreover, he still received the 
proceeds of a tax on exported tobacco which had been laid 
for him : this by order of the King, although the Assembly 
objected to paying it. 

The Catholics are Persecuted. The change of government 
brought about anything but good times for the Marylanders. 
Everybody, rich and poor alike, was at once taxed forty 
pounds of tobacco per poll {i.e., per head) to support the 
Church of England. No more Catholics were allowed to 
enter the colony, nor were those already there permitted to 
celebrate mass in public. Later on, the Catholics were not 
permitted to worship even in private, nor to have schools or 
send their children abroad to be educated. For doino: these 
things they might be punished by life-long imprisonment. 
If a Catholic refused to swear away his religion, his estates 
might be taken from him and given to his nearest Protestant 
relation. 

The First Free School, 1696. It was at this time that the 
capital of the State was changed from St. Mary's to An- 
napolis. Here, in 1696, was founded King William School, 
the first free school in Maryland. In that year the Assembly 
passed an Act for the establishment of a school in each 
county of the colony, but for lack of money the school at 
Annapolis was the only one founded. The head of the trus- 
tees was Governor Francis Nicholson, who gave a lot of land 
in the town as a site for the school building, besides money 
for the building itself. The other trustees also contributed 
money. The building was completed by the year 1701. 

Clergymen Disqualified to Sit in the Assembly. The be- 
fore-mentioned Coode reappears in this year, 1696. He 



48 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

was elected to the Assembly, but Governor Nicholson re- 
fused to let him take his seat because he was, or had been, 
a clergyman. Enraged at this, Coode again tried to over- 
throw the government ; but he was a man of such bad 
character that even those who were discontented would have 
nothing to do with him. He fled from the colony, but 
afterwards returned and was pardoned. No clerg)nnan of 
any denomination can sit in the Maryland Assembly. The 
law forbidding this was taken from the like law of Parlia- 
ment. It was passed in the early years of the colony when 
the Jesuit missionaries, who had received large tracts of 
land from the Indians, began to think themselves free of the 
common law and subject only to the law of their church. 
Lord Baltimore (Cecilius) at once took the matter in hand, 
and from that time to the present day it has been the law 
that no lands can be given or sold to any religious body 
without the consent of the Legislature ; and, as we have 
said, no clergyman can be a member of the Assembly. In 
these two particulars Maryland stands alone of all the States 
of the Union. 

It was under the royal government, in 17 15, that the laws 
of the colony, which had become intricate and confused, 
were revised. A copy of these revised statutes was sent to 
each county of the province. 

The Proprietary Government Restored, 1715. Benedict 
Calvert, afterwards the fourth Lord Baltimore, became a 
Protestant, and George I. made him Proprietor in 1715, thus 
restoring the colony to its former status. He was succeeded 
by his son Charles, who did much towards easing the condition 
of the Catholics. Charles died in 175 1, and was succeeded 
by his son Frederick, the last Lord Baltimore, who died in 
the year 1771 after an evil and wasted life. The last Gov- 
ernor appointed by Frederick, Sir Robert Eden, remained in 




THE PALATINATE 

OF 

MARYLAND 

Original Charter Bonndarj shown thi « 

Present Boundary where different from Original 

Charter Boundary shown thus: _._i^.. 



Scale of Mites 

7^^ THEN, w. CO.. ■vrrM.o 



From Fiske's " Old Virginia and Her Neighbors, 




iiission of the Publishers, Honghto7t, Mi jffli7i &= Co. 



TO THE BEGINNING OE THE REVOLUTION. 49 

office until June 24, 1776, so that from 17 15 until the colo- 
nies became independent, Maryland was again a palatinate. 
The colony, by the industry of its people, had continued to 
thrive under the royal Governors, despite the fact that Eng- 
land had done nothing to help and much to hinder it ; and 
in 17 15 the population numbered about fifty thousand.* 

The French and Indian War. While Frederick was the 
Proprietor the French and Indian War in America was 
waged, from 1754 to 1760. This was a war between France 
and England for the possession of Canada. The French 
were aided by the Algonquin Indians, and the English by the 
Five Nations. At first England left it to the colonies to do the 
fighting on her side, and each colony thought only of defending 
itself. Gradually, however, a spirit of union spread among 
them ; and later this spirit, made stronger by the Stamp Act, 
led to the Revolution and the confederation of the thirteen 
States. This war helped, too, towards the independence of 
the colonies by giving their men experience in fighting battles 
and training them as soldiers. 

Indian Raids in Western Maryland. In 1756 the popu- 
lation of Maryland numbered 107,963 whites, and 46,225 

* In that year the population of the twelve colonies was as follows : 

WHITES. BLACKS. TOTAL. 

Massachusetts 94,000 2,000 96,000 

Virginia 72,000 23,000 95,000 

Maryland . 40,700 9,500 50,200 

Connecticut 46,000 1,500 47,500 

Pennsylvania and Delaware . . 43,300 2,500 45,800 

New York 27,000 4,000 31,000 

New Jersey 21,000 1,500 22,500 

South Carolina 6,250 10,500 16,750 

North Carolina 7,500 3,700 11,200 

New Hampshire 9,500 150 9,650 

Rhode Island 8,500 500 9,000 



50 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

negroes, There were 26,000 whites fit for soldiers; and 
there were, in fact, about 16,000 enrolled in the militia. 
One-third of these, however, had no arms at all, and none of 
them were equipped in a proper manner. Then, too, Mary- 
land had no forts that were worth anything for defense, and 
the French with their Indian allies might march into the col- 
ony from their settlements in the West, capture the country 
and kill the people. This was terrible to think of, for the 
Indians were fierce and cruel, torturing their captives and 
killing men, women and children alike. Indeed, the Indians 
came into Western Maryland many times, burning the houses 
of the settlers in Frederick County, and either killing the in- 
habitants or carrying them off into captivity. Some of the 
terrified settlers abandoned their farms and fled to more 
thickly populated parts of the colony. After the defeat of 
General Braddock, who had been sent out from England to 
command the forces, some of the Indians came to within 
eighty miles of Baltimore. Women and children were put 
on board of boats in readiness to escape if the Indians 
should attack the town. 

Disputes about Supplies for the Defense of the Colony. 
When Braddock arrived he hoped to raise money and 
supplies in all the colonies, but the Maryland Assembly gave 
only ;,{^6,ooo (Virginia gave ;^i 00,000) and a few soldiers. 
They gave this grudgingly, after much delay and many dis- 
putes with the Governor, who did all in his power to help 
General Braddock. Braddock was defeated and killed, and 
if the French had followed up their victory they probably 
could have captured the whole of Maryland. Fortunately, 
the northern colonies had begun to attack the French, who 
were compelled to send most of their troops back to Canada ; 
so that Maryland was saved in spite of the meanness and 
obstinacy of the Assembly. 



TO THE BEGTNNINr; OF THE REVOLUTION. 



r>i 




THE 



^1 A R Y L A N D C A Z E. T T E, 



,^ CQtitmii'wg the fufJxj} Advtca Foreign and Dotnejiiu 

; Fridai, May 14, 1745. 






oiMVfz <«o<te,'^«''^"<;, 7« 



fl4^^## It K King Mid Qj«sn rfP" 

T <| TuCaui) Tiw M»)c<t t 
O MoTOiftg to g^ to Pr^Kae 

. H»<-4 t t' tif ^ r J -^ s njiw laf 0)«* 




be iit&i^bt 




atfd) h^-Ki * t-miucti of V^sri 
iKh til* Aiwj' tawa-Jj *r»iic*rt 
of <bt Bffiha^ ef Okdutdi vti 
-, on j)»>o 01 s&mr tsitetmm 
If E«l el Ch^erfeM «»I(K7«I, 
t mx-of the LqvAs d ifee !Wca 

i^mlily of tHt Swev (,»«aer»l i who 
(. «•* ^e>^ «« w ( « o th<jr High Mt8;iitffiftfi«, <an« 
ijii»cM i>a: ba-i «T vimftsiKU on liKor 8en«Jf, ani »i 
tgB ibim as AroWCwiw Ettr.iwtlMwr)' a&i Pl^npotejtJitfy 
tfa>JCWofG*«t. Bn!»OT, 






wd tittt im Eleaotal Htsbneh ku. akm t^pon ium iIk 

' *5. I'beTEarf of Ch*fterfe-id ©xtfer* frttjuestly wtti 
*aiat and Uctwnfj »f 'kc ^ishr , bat mil ooi ha c Ju» 
AucBieio: Hii til R«!Brn < I tic v-ourwr he S«i a^wcci 



fm^ .V.P H..* M-^im-fCm -o aatat Into all tt* Mfifurei ti* 

'^ o It I- V. ur ^T ,1 nr,- fjr tie fepfnrt of ftw taowHrn 

vlM fiml li. very dtffi -ak to « .Eg 

' lie pm..ipal Mcabc-. 'rf' lie 

u CTtat i^Vusaa fo^j fty4t7 

"^ -wafiilv tffpo-i^ H^T Ca.iiw« 

it* t!w Court of MiJrKi fat* 

1 i; Ehitkv o) Tokaii) i ti>l 

tjar*. C v*im Gag; iw makiug 

t • •> <.2t nj Lejhofo TJttr lu« 

rn. t u U-a I" -i.]t-i fremia* l-Ky, anJ ihat he lUi 

tn, Jbitb^'' a» ("il ntn • m i; Uoc), open Truvbn. T\9 

-tv Kittra atlJ tint rf? Kiw nri«.i„„ ,vi &i imtaumihr 

•or ;•»« f igbr;> J<^<.u— « o4 foot, ^bict , 

PsrL fjr Hot 4- Nr* uf tie D«iri> ol tV Ctajpator has fontad 
3 gencrii v.<j-jJm>aaon tii«rr ; *o<l PuipU fii wrt great laja 
tMiice, that tyrry I iu/nj fc^tij to ana-vrc a^nS > ranee. At 
a Titir wHcn itiat Njcjr im<g.«ici. that r wouU b»w g*ti- a 
Sfcat Wiy H«K Clinpu ti, tnvifis tuMUEg a 5 Plan, ii < 
Ht^i?* :>ie gum vaJ^)^^^ Tt fiatttr'ti itidA aa-wi-n 3 It^r 
TiingK fiat ill* Trix^ aS'fxM^xai hrt \,lr^ ^ouki, i«c 
&^t>^ tuvrr ex<*(Xkd litttfe of tfip Qa^3 of Hun^-ty a&d k^t 
A&n i», Sxo-- Man. Ttc)aiiicLr«x!«id,t)>ati:«*ttiu(M>4. 
mg the j^.ioil ^{fiik that a-aj pj- upm VJittan 10 I'otKr, di« 
i^mt ye-if aa» wttitfait fbaie Apprx^oifioiu of a ia^ctaie Acco- 
Htodatttw between Oreat Bntato and bjpaia 

/f«^iK» f»* g tlie Stalls li»v» c«fe)»wi to fi»J Otdeta t» 
1 8 Samiioiw, tA ma/fSi f'Si'hiwti mto tie Nttherlalllti, fcr Ae 
ptot#ooaJ Seratoy «£^t. K-i^mn, trt tia tooiWd Atmjr 
Ota he aiU.mhhA and fe>i'rBcd thta* be- Tofen ligpma kmw^ 
b«x J^ Nigit firom B«(ftL 

R* 12 Tie other I!»5 t 
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dapaniiiet! C nierB 10 i3 gsltalofia ol rta.»ta3 T-«^ to a.; 
imaKdxtcij to hamar. Th »y, Moaj, ctajjao;-,^^* 
dcna/de» Matiite*. &R£t Sn^Ieh , aw! i^ tW la^ar t^utMd- 
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teivKL ni Kcadioeift *" joatH 



maarfe»ife> 



fiamten,, tdDCdfooePemkiM 
i*^t«y . iKitn b> aa 






pJa? 




THE MARYLAND GAZETTE OF FRIDAY, MAY 24,1745. 
From the origifial paper in the possession of the Maryland Historical Society. 



52 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

There was still danger in the West from the Indians, and 
the Assembly at length voted ;^4o,ooo for defense ; but even 
in doing it they managed to put in something to the disad- 
vantage of Lord Baltimore. He, as the Proprietor of the 
colony, received from every one who owned land a small 




OLD FORT FREDERICK, IN WASHINGTON COUNTY. 

" quit-rent," as it was called, a small sum of money, and of 
course paid no rent to himself for lands which he still held 
as his own. When the Assembly voted the ;;^4o,ooo they 
laid a tax on land to raise part of the money and wished 
Lord Baltimore to pay the tax on all of his land that had not 
been granted to some one else. The amount he would have 
had to pay was not very large, but Frederick Calvert* 

* Frederick Calvert was succeeded as Proprietor of Maryland by his 
natural son, Henry Harford. There were thus six Lords Proprietary of 
Maryland: 1632, Cecilius Calvert; 1675, Charles Calvert; 1715, Bene- 
dict Leonard Calvert; 171 5, Charles Calvert; 1751, Frederick Calvert; 
1 77 1, Henry Harford. The first Lord Baltimore, George Calvert, was 
not a Proprietor, and the last Proprietor, Henry Harford, was not a 
Lord Baltimore. 



TO THE BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION. 53 

thought only of getting out of his colony all the money he 
could. We may feel sure that if George or Cecilius had 
been the Proprietor at that time, he would have given of his 
own free will much more than the Assembly had to force 
from Frederick. Surely the Proprietor ought to have been 
willing to share in the expense of defending his colony ; but 
on the other hand, the Assembly was more in the wrong to 
run the risk of having innocent men, not to say women and 
children, killed and tortured, by refusing to pass a straight- 
forward Act to raise money for their defense. In the end 
Lord Baltimore, through Governor Sharpe, had to yield, and 
several matters concerning taxation that had made dissension 
between the Assembly and the Proprietor were decided in 
favor of the former. 

TOPICAL ANALYSIS. 

I. Relations of Proprietor, Colonists and Crown. 

A. Proprietor and Colonists. 

1. Catholic colonists, generally, favored the proprietary govern- 

ment. 

2. Many of the Protestants desired a royal government. 

3. How many of the settlers were Catholics ? How many 

Protestants ? 

4. How were the higher offices filled .'' 

5. Who represented the people ? 

6. The Governor neglects to summon Delegates ; why was this 

wrong ? 

B. Colonists and Crown. 

1. What was the Navigation Act ? 

2. What was it intended to accomplish, and what did it actually 

do? 

3. The reasons of its failure. 

4. Bacon's rebellion and its influence on Maryland. 

C. Proprietor atid Crown. 

I, Customs taxes were paid to the Crown, all other taxes to the 
Proprietor. 



54 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

I. Relations of PRorRiExoR, Colonists and Crown {coHtimied), 

2. Friction in collecting the customs duties, 

3. Tell about George Talbot. 

II. The Revolution of 16S9. 

1. Did Lord Baltimore refuse to proclaim William and Mary.-* 

2. There -was no Jacobite plot in Maryland. 

3. So many of these plots elsewhere that the suspicion was natural. 

4. Who was John Coode ? Name some of his associates. 

5. Describe briefly the Revolution of 1689. 

in. ]\L\RYLAND A ROYAL CoLONY. 1 69 1 -I 7 I 5. 

A. Changes ?nade in the Gcn'erufnent. 

1. The Proprietor no longer had any part in the go\ ernnient. 

2. But still received all land rents and the tax on exported tobacco. 

3. All other taxes paid to the Crown, 

4. All otificers appointed by the Crown. 

5. All laws submitted to the Crown for approval. 

B, Effect 071 the Condition of the Colonists. 

1. The poll tax to support the Church of England. 

2. Immigration of Catholics forbidden. 

3. Catholics already in the colony not allowed to worship in public 

or in private, nor to have schools or to educate their children 
abroad. 

4. Severity of the penalties against Catholics. 

5. Compare this with the condition of the Protestants under the 

I'roprietary government. 

6. The capital of the colony transferred to Annapolis. 

IV. The Proprietary' Government Restored. 

1. The fourth Lord Baltimore becomes a Protestant, 

2. The condition of the Catholics made easier. 

3. Proprietary government continues until the American Revo- 

lution. 

4. Name the six Lords Baltimore and the six Lords Proprietary. 

V. The French and Indian War. 

1 . Served to unite the colonies and prepare them for independence. 

2. Compare the population in 1756 with that in 1634. 



TO THE BEGINNING OE THE REVOLUTION. 55 

V. The French and Indian War {continned). 

3. How many were enrolled in the militia? How many armed 

and equipped ? 

4. Was the number of soldiers, in proportion to the population, 

greater or less than in our days ? Is there any reason for the 
change ? 

5. The lack of defenses. 

6. In what part of Maryland did Indian raids occur? 

7. Why not in all parts of the colony alike ? 

8. Whose was the fault that the colony was not properly defended ? 

MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS. 
When disagreements arise in these days as to the government, how 
are they settled ? Is there a poll tax in Maryland now ? Do you know 
of any State in which there is one ? Tell about the first free school in 
Maryland. Compare the population of Maryland in 1756 with that of 
1900. Who were the Jacobites? What law is there concerning the 
eligibility of clergymen as Delegates to the General Assembly of 
Maryland? What led to its passage? Do you know of any forts in 
the State at present ? 




CHAPTER V. 

MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 

Absence of Indian Wars. We have seen that the first 
colonists bought tiie site of St. Mary's from the Indians, 
who already had a village there. These Indians belonged 
to the Pascataway tribes and were always friendly to the 
whites. At the head of Chesapeake Bay lived a more war- 
like nation, the Susquehannoughs, and in the East the 
Nanticokes. With these, as well as with the peaceful Pas- 
cataways, there was very little serious trouble beyond the 
occasional murder of a poor settler living on the outskirts, 
or his wife and children. There were no long and bloody 
wars such as were fought in other colonies, and this was 
largely due to the fairness with which the Indians were 
always treated. One of the Governors and his high officers 
even took part in the election of an Indian " emperor," the 
successor of Uttapoingassinem ; and some twenty years 
before another emperor, his queen, and his little son had 
been baptized. Afterwards this emperor and empress were 
married according to the Christian rites. The Pascataways 
seem to have died out gradually, while the Susquehannoughs 
Avere so weakened by attacks of smallpox and wars with 
their fierce neighbors to the North, the Senecas and Cayu- 
gas, that they at last fled southward into Virginia. In their 
flight they were pursued by their enemies, the Senecas, who, 
while on the warpath did some damage to the plantations of 
the whites. The blame for this was laid on the Susque- 
hannoughs, and in punishment their chiefs were massacred 

56 



THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 



57 



by the Virginia militia. The small remnant of the tribe re- 
turned to their old home on the Susquehanna River, and 
submitted to their Indian enemies. They lived on for about 
a hundred years, until, in 1763, the few remaining were 
massacred by the whites in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. 
Scattered Settlements. The peacefulness of the Indians 
had much to do with the way in which Maryland was set- 




LAYING OUT OF BALTIMORE TOWN. 



tied. In New England, where the Indians might make an 
attack at almost any moment, the settlers naturally kept 
close together in towns and villages, where they could take 
refuge in a fort or block-house and defend themselves ; but 
in Maryland, where there was no need of this defense, they 
spread themselves out over the country, each family living 
on its own farm or plantation remote from the others. Even 



58 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

St. Mary's, where the courts were held and pubUc business 
attended to, never had more than sixty houses, and these 
were scattered for five miles along the shore. 

Early Towns. For the first ninety years St. Mary's and 
Annapolis were the only real towns. Then came Joppa, 
on the Gunpowder River, which flourished after a fashion 
for fifty years, only to die away as its trade passed into the 
hands of the town of Baltimore. Before the present Balti- 
more was founded, two other towns of that name had ap- 
peared, or rather had been made on paper and staked out, 
one* on the Bush River in Baltimore County in 1683, and 
another in Dorchester County. In the year 1729, the 
Assembly passed a law giving the planters near the Patapsco 
permission to buy land on that river to make a port for their 
vessels. 

Baltimore Founded, 1730. The site of the town was first 
surveyed in 1730. Sixty acres of land were bought of 
Charles and Daniel Carroll for forty shillings an acre. The 
town at the end of twenty years had only about twenty 
houses and one hundred inhabitants, but by the end of the 
Revolution it had grown to be a beautiful town. Market 
street, lined with houses brightly colored in blue, white and 
blue, or yellow, was the longest, gayest, and most beautiful 
street of any city in the country. 

Annapolis the Chief Town. For many years Annapolis was 
the chief town. It was small, but was beautifully laid out, 
and although originally a Puritan settlement, it became, in 
course of time, a centre of gayety. Balls were given, race 
meets were held, and the homes of the wealthy planters, 
such as the Carrolls, the Pacas, and others, were noted for 
their hospitality. In this town was published the first news- 

* There is still a boat landing on the Bush River called " Old Balti- 
more." This landing seems to float up and down the river. 



THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 



69 




•^ 




60 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 




THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 



61 



paper in the colony, the Gazette, begun in 1727; and here 
was estabUshed also the earliest theatre, whose first play- 
bill appeared in the Gazette of July 2, 1752. The town was 
famous for its beautiful women, a fame which it has shared 
with the rest of the State. 

Chesapeake Bay the Great Highway. The friendliness of 
the Indians was not the only, nor perhaps the chief, reason 





i ' 








A 








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i 


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: ''"^=^^=^'==^r-m||^'^ 


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^ 


mpMn 


^^^jl 


Itaft. 


"^^BBHP 


9 




. '^HH 




M 



STATE HOUSE, ANNAPOLIS. 



for the lack of towns in Maryland. Chesapeake Bay, with 
its rivers, creeks, and inlets, had probably more to do with 
the slow growth of towns than any other cause. The 
planters and farmers in their canoes, or pungies, could travel 
about easily and quickly from place to place, and could thus 
talk business or pleasure at each other's homes instead of at 
the town. Almost every plantation lay along the water and 



62 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

had its own " landing " or wharf. To these landings the 
tobacco and other things grown were taken, and there the 
vessels came from England or the other colonies to unload 
goods and take in cargo. Horses were plentiful, too ; every- 
body rode, and communication on land was easy by paths 
and bridle-tracks, but there were very few carriages and 




FIRST COURT HOUSE IN BALTIMORE. 

Fyoui an old pri)it in the possession of the Maryland Historical Society. 

almost no roads. Rolling-roads w^ere a feature of both 
Maryland and Virginia. They w^ere narrow roads cut through 
the forest and leading to some river or the Bay shore. A 
hogshead of tobacco would be fitted wdth axle and shafts, 
the cart thus formed would be drawn down one of these 
roads, and the hogshead would be put aboard a ship bound 
to England or Holland. The first post route in the State 
was established in 1695. It ran from the Potomac, through 
Annapolis, to Philadelphia, and over it the mails were car- 
ried eight times a year. 

Most of the Colonists Farmers. Almost every colonist was 



THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 



63 



a farmer. There were a few who had manors of 2,000 to 
20,000 acres; others with plantations of as much as 1,000 
acres; and many more with homesteads of 50 to 100 acres 
each. 

Old Maryland Manors. You have all probably seen some 
old place in the country, which is called "the Manor " ; and 
these places are, for the most part, the remains of the old 
Maryland manors. When Lord Baltimore granted to any 
one a large estate of 2,000 acres or more, he made the 
estate a manor; that is, the estate became a sort of little 
state within the lar- 
ger State of Mary- um v\1 
land ; and its owner, 
together with the 
freeman on it, 
passed by-laws and 
held law courts to 
punish thieves, 
poachers, and other 
evil-doers. " In the 
life upon these man- 
ors there was a kind 
of patriarchal com- 
pleteness ; each was a little world in itself. There was 
the great house with its generous dining-hall, its paneled 
wainscoat, and its family portraits ; there was the chapel, 
with the graves of the lord's family beneath its pavement 
and the graves of common folk out in the churchyard; 
there were the smoke-houses, and the cabins of negro 
slaves; and here and there one might come upon the 
dwellings of white freehold tenants, with ample land about 
them held on leases of one-and-twenty years. In estab- 
lishing these manors, Lord Baltimore hiid an eye to the 




TOBACCO HOGSHEAD, READV FOR 
ROLLING. 

From viodel ht the National I\fuscii}n at 
Washington. 



64 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 



military defense of his colony. It was enacted in 1641 
that the grant of a manor should be the reward for every 
settler who should bring with him from England twenty 
able-bodied men, each armed with a musket, a sword and 
belt, a bandelier and flask, ten pounds of powder, and forty 
pounds of bullet and shot."* Any one of the first lot of 




THE RIDGELY HOMESTEAD, HAMPTON, BALTIMORE COUNTY. 



colonists who brought over five men, received two thousand 
acres of land for which he paid a rent of four hundred pounds 
of wheat per year; one who came between 1634 and 1635, 
and brought over ten men, received the same number of acres 
at a rent of six hundred pounds of wheat ; those who came 
later or brought fewer men, received proportionately smaller 

* Fiske, " Old Virginia and Her Neighbours," vol. ii, p. 147. 



THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 65 

lots of land. These manors continued for some time until 
the wealthy planters began to own large numbers of slaves, 
when they found they could make their estates pay better 
by working the whole of them with slaves than they could 
by renting separate farms to free white men. Thus, the 
manors gradually lost their meaning and are now left only 
in name. 

Universal Hospitality. Whether the farm were large or 
small, the life on it was much the same. The colonists visited 
and entertained each other ; and if a stranger came into the 
country, from England, let us say, he could hardly get away 
again, they were so glad to have him, to hear from him the 
news of what was happening in the Old World. Hospitality 
was so widespread that even an inn-keeper had to notify his 
guests if he intended to charge them for what he served ; 
otherwise he could not collect his bill. Here is the way a cer- 
tain Ebenezer Cook, a tobacco buyer, or as he calls himself 
a "sot-weed factor," describes his visit to Maryland in 1700 : 

" So after hearty Entertainment 
Of Drink and Victuals without payment ; 
For Planters' Tables, you must know, 
Are free for all that come and go. 
While Pon and Milk, with Mush well stoarM- 
In Wooden Dishes grac'd the Board; 
With Ilomine and Syder-pap, 
(Which scarce a hungry dog would lap) 
Well stuff'd with Fat from Bacon fry\l, 
Or with Mollossus dulcify'd. 
Then out our Landlord pulls a Pouch 
As greasy as the Leather Couch 
On which he sat, and straight begun 
To load with Weed his Indian Gun. 

His Pipe smoak'd out, with aweful Grace, 



66 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

The reverend Sire walks to a Chest ; 

From thence he lugs a Cag of Rum." 
Mr. Cook doesn't seem to have enjoyed his supper of 
corn-pone and hominy, but in the morning 

" I did to Planter's Booth repair, 
And there at Breakfast nobly Fare 
On rashier broil'd of infant Bear : 
I thought the Cub delicious Meat, 
Which ne'er did ought but Chesnuts eat." 

He had had very Httle rest the night before ; for, as he 

says, 

" Not yet from Plagues exempted quite, 
The Curst Muskitoes did me bite." 

He found the settlers more than a match for him in 
business dealings, and altogether had a great deal to com- 
plain of. 

The Houses and their Furniture. The houses were for 
the most part small and built of logs, but some belonging to 
the rich planters were built of brick. The log cabins were 
often fastened together with wooden pegs, as nails, like 
everything else made of iron, were costly. Sometimes a 
man, when he removed to a new neighborhood, would burn 
down his log house in order to gather up the iron nails from 
the ashes. Door hinges were made of leather. As the col- 
ony became more thickly settled and saw-mills more common, 
houses were made of boards ; until finally noble residences, 
such as Doughoregan Manor, the home of the Carrolls, and 
Wye Hall, the home of the Pacas, were built. 

Their furniture, what little they had, was mostly imported. 
Some of the richer folk had a small supply of silver tankards, 
salt-cellars, candle-sticks, and spoons, but rarely forks until 



THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 



67 



later. Forks were first brought to America in 1633. In 
that year Governor Winthrop, of Massachusetts, received 
one. Pewter was much more common than silver, and the poor 
people used wooden trenchers (fiat bowls) and wooden 
spoons. China was not common, and glass was rare. 

The first lights used were pine-knots of the pitch-pine ; 
later, candles were made of tallow, wax, and the " candle- 




CARROLL MANSION, AT CARROLL PARK, BALTIMORE. 

berry " or bay-berry. Lamps of pewter and of glass, burn- 
ing whale oil, were sometimes used. As a matter of course, 
the fuel used was wood. Great logs burned in vast fire- 
places at first, .but as the forests were gradually cleared, the 
size of both log and fireplace was much reduced. In the 
kitchen a bar of wood or iron stretched across the fireplace, 
and from it hung chains and pot-hooks of various lengths 



68 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 



with big and little pots and kettles of iron or brass. Kettles, 
gridirons and skillets had long legs to keep them from sink- 
ing too deep in the hot coals ; while toasting-forks, waffle- 
irons, and such implements had very long handles so that 
one cooking might not be too near the blazing heat. Baking 
was done in bake-kettles, which stood in the hot ashes ; in 




WARWICK FORT MANOR HOUSE, SECRETARY CREEK, 
DORCHESTER COUNTY. 

Dutch ovens, which were metal boxes open on one side, and 
placed wath the opening toward the fire ; or, more com- 
monly, in the brick oven. This last was a sort of little fire- 
place built alongside of the great one. It was filled with 
wood which burned until the bricks were thoroughly heated ; 
then the ashes were raked out and the oven was ready for 



THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 



69 



In some houses were found libraries, and, on many es- 
tates, packs of hounds ; for fox-hunting was a favorite amuse- 
ment. The runs were often very long, and if a hunter found 
himself too far away from home at nightfall, he would go to 
the nearest planter's house, where everybody would dance, 
play cards, drink punch, and have a jolly time for the rest of 
the night. There were other sports : horse-races were held 
at five or six places, there were frequent bull-baitings, and 
cock-fighting went on very nearly all the time. 




DOUGHOREGAN MANOR, HOV>^ARD COUNTY. ONE OF THE 
CARROLL MANSIONS. 

Abundance of Game. There was game in plenty ; deer^ 
bears, wolves, wild turkeys weighing thirty or forty pounds, 
and ducks and other water-fowl by the thousand. It is re- 
lated that Captain John Smith and two companions, firing 
together, one shot apiece, killed one hundred and forty-eight 



ducks. Flocks of ducks a m 



ile wide and seven miles long 



floated on the waters of the Chesapeake. 



Curiouslv enough. 



70 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 



we do not read of the early settlers eating crabs and terrapin, 
but they learned before long to appreciate the latter. Once 
some of them complained that when their supply of corn was 
cut off they were compelled to eat oysters. Some of these 
oysters and crabs were twelve inches long, but large shell- 
fish were not confined to the waters of Maryland ; for it is 
reported that lobsters six feet long were caught at New York. 




TOBACCO FIELD IN ANNE ARUNDEL COUNTY. 



Fish abounded, and it is said that horses in crossing a 
stream would tread on them and kill them. 

Tobacco the Chief Product — Used as Money. On the farms 
they raised wheat, corn and various fruits and vegetables, 
but principally tobacco. Everyone grew tobacco, even to 
the neglect of other things and other occupations. One 
reason for this was that tobacco was used as money. A 
horse was worth, not so many dollars or pounds sterling, but 



THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 



71 



so many hundred pounds of tobacco ; wages, rents, taxes, 
everything was paid in tobacco. A man would say to him- 
self, " I will raise a big crop of tobacco and so shall be rich 
and able to buy many things that I want ; " but the trouble 
was that everyone else said and did the same, and tobacco 
would then be so plentiful that a thing which used to be 
worth one hundred pounds of tobacco would be worth two hun- 
dred or three hundred pounds. It is of no advantage to earn 
twice as much as we used to earn if all we buy costs three 



WhIS IftdentedBILL] 

of EIGHT DOLLARS, (hall entitle th.[ 
^Bearer hereof to receive Bills of Ex 
<CE payable in London, or Gold and 
Silver, at ihc Rale of Foot Shillings arte 

iSix-pence Sterling per Dollar for the laic" 

liill, accoraing to the Direftions of an Acr of ^drinbtV "• 
^M^nrL^ND. Dated in ANN APOLIS^ this^o'" Day o{ April,] 
f awno SDeroini 1774. 



COLONIAL NOTE. 

times as much as formerly. Tobacco money worked badly 
in other ways ; for instance, suppose a man rented a farm 
for two thousand pounds of tobacco, and suppose so much 
tobacco was raised that it became worth only half as much 
as before ; then, you see, his landlord was really receiving, 
in value, only half the rent agreed upon, and was not being 
treated fairly or honestly. Such a state of affairs would be 
unjust, not only to the landlords, but equally so to anyone 
working for a salary or for wages. 

Lord Baltimore had the right to coin money, and indeed, 
about the year 1661, he sent to the colony a supply of shill- 



72 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

ings, sixpences, and groats, taking tobacco in exchange for 
it. But the colonists found it convenient to pay their taxes 
with the silver which thus found its way back to Lord 
Baltimore again, and the tobacco-money evil was not 
remedied. 

Climate and Soil. The soil of the province was a rich 
one ; taken in connection with the mild and genial climate, 
it made of Maryland a singularly favored land. The State 
has the advantages of both North and South, so that figs, 
peaches and magnolias grow alongside of apples, hemlocks, 
and pines. The State is rich in minerals and metals, no- 
tably in coal, though, of course, the early settlers made no 
use of that. In fact, Maryland seems to have a share of 
nearly all the good things of this earth, and unfortunately 
some of the evils, too ; for the colonists soon discovered, 
what Marylanders still know, that fevers, ague, and mos- 
quitoes hover around the marshes of the Bay shore. 

Classes of Settlers - — Planters and Freemen. We have said 
that in the first lot of settlers were twenty " gentlemen ad- 
venturers," and three hundred laborers ; and we have spoken 
of freemen, servants, and slaves. Let us now try to get a 
clear idea of these different classes. In the first place, there 
were a few rich men who brought over other settlers, together 
with guns, tools, and goods, and who received large estates. 
There were others who were poor, and who brought over 
little except themselves, and sometimes their families, to 
whom were given farms of fifty to one hundred acres each ; 
unless they had learned a trade, such as blacksmithing, 
carpentry or shoemaking, in which case they received per- 
haps two or three hundred acres. 

Redemptioners. There were still others who were too 
poor to pay for their passage to the New World. These 
were carried over by the owner of some vessel, and on their 



THE COLONIAL I'PZRIOD. 



73 



arrival in the colony were sold to one of the planters for a 
term of years, usually two, three, or four, the price they 
brought going to the ship owner to pay for their passage. 
They were called " redemptioners," and were for the most 
part hard-working, honest men and women. Indeed, many 
of them were gentlemen, and they were often employed as 
teachers for the planters' children. While their term of 
service lasted they were usually treated kindly ; and at the 
end of it they became freemen, received from their master a 
year's provisions, besides tools and clothing, and could 
begin farming for themselves on fifty acres of land. What 
they received depended somewhat on the generosity of their 
master ; but by law they were entitled to " one cap or hat, 
one new cloth or frieze suit, one shirt, one pair shoes and 
stockings, one axe, one broad and one narrow hoe, fifty acres 
land, and three barrels of corn."* Women who came over 
in this way became domestic servants, or else married free- 
men who were only too glad to get them for wives. A cer- 
tam George Alsop, who was one of these redemptioners 
bound for four years, writes, on his arrival in Maryland, to 
a friend in England, thus : " I am now upon land . 
and had I known my yoak would have been so easie 
I would have been here long before now." And again, 
in a letter to his father in the old country he says, " The 
Servant of this Province, which are stigmatiz'd for Slaves by 
the . . . vulgar in England, live more like Freemen than the 
most Mechanick Apprentices in London, wanting for noth- 
ing that is convenient and necessary, and . . . are extra- 
ordinary well used and respected." 

Convicts. A fourth class of settlers w^ere the convicts. 
One of these might be anything from a Jacobite plotter down 

* Decision of the Provincial Court in 164S. 



74 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

to a common pickpocket or highwayman. In those days 
evil-doers were punished much more severely than they are 
now, and crimes for which one would now be sent to prison 
for a few months or years, were then punished by hanging. 
Many people thought the laws too severe, and criminals 
often had their sentences commuted: instead of being hanged 
they were transported to the colonies for seven or fourteen 
years. England was more glad to be rid of these people 
than the colonies were to receive them, and Maiyland pro- 
tested against their being sent to her shores, but without 
avail. However, there were probably many more redemp- 
tioners than convicts brought over. 

Negro Slaves. Finally there were the negro slaves* who 
were owned outright by their masters, and who did not be- 
come free at the end of a certain number of years of service. 
The number of these was not large until after the year 17 13. 
The law regulated their treatment, and a master who was 
cruel to his slave was punished ; but they were a race apart, 
and if a white woman married a negro she was looked upon 
as a negress herself and became the slave of the negro's 
master. Even in those early days there was much difference 
of opinion about the negroes, some people thinking they 
should all be set free, others thinking it right to keep them 
in slavery; and we shall see that when the same question 
came up later the people of Maryland were about equally 
divided on it. 

Social Distinctions — Growth of Democratic Spirit. These 
were the different classes of people in IMaryland before the 
Revolution, and we must remember that they were well- 
marked classes. Every man had his rights and even a slave 
had to be treated kindly, but the wealthy planters formed an 



* For a fuller account of the negroes in Maryland, see p. 164 following. 



THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 75 

aristocracy not unlike that of England at the present day. 
They were better educated and more refined than the small 
farmers and tradesmen ; were usually of good and sometimes 
of noble birth, and lived a social life apart from these. If a 
planter went to an inn he was shown to the parlor, a trades- 
man and his wife went to the kitchen or tap-room ; but by 




THE CHASE HOME AT ANNAPOLIS. 

the year 1776 this state of things was much changed. In the 
first place, all the people were becoming united in a common 
cause against Great Britain ; they all suffered the same taxes 
and oppression, and in meeting together to oppose injustice 
from the mother country, they forgot their differences of 
wealth, education and birth. Then, too, the Maryland 
planters began to grow more wheat and less tobacco. Now, 
tobacco is a crop that can be grown well by slaves, while 
wheat can be better grown by free laborers, so that more of 



76 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

the free whites were gradually employed ; and the feeling of 
aristocracy is much less strong when one has freemen work- 
ing for him than when his work is done by negro slaves. 
This change of feeling did not take place all at once but in 
the course of years ; and indeed, during the Revolution and 
for some time afterwards, there was still a marked difference 
in the classes of people in Maryland. 

Rangers and Backwoodsmen. For a long time all the 
settlers lived in tide-water Maryland ; that is, along the shores 
of Chesapeake Bay and the rivers emptying into it ; but 
farther back in the country roamed bands of rangers and 
backwoodsmen, who lived by hunting and fishing, and who 
dressed and even fought like Indians. They lived in cabins 
built of logs, the cracks between the logs stopped up with 
clay or mortar, and with the chimney built on the outside. 
The floor was of clay, and the beds were often bear-skins 
spread on the floor. Their chairs were blocks of wood, they 
ate from wooden platters, and considered themselves rich if 
they had a few pewter cups and spoons. They were fine 
shots with their old-fashioned rifles, and as they hunted game 
for food and furs they kept constantly moving farther into the 
wilderness to the west and marking out the way for the 
settlers who came after them. 

Germans in Western Maryland. Many of these Western 
settlers were Germans, who, for the most part, came into 
Maryland through Pennsylvania. At first they were few and 
scattered, but in 1735 ^^ organized colony, led by John 
Thomas Schley, settled in the neighborhood of Frederick. 
This leader, an excellent schoolmaster and a devout man, 
spared himelf no pains in working for the settlement. It was 
he who built the first house in the town of Frederick, which 
was laid out in 1745. From him is descended Admiral 
Winfield Scott Schley, famous in the late war with Spain. 



THE COLONIAT. PERIOD. 



77 



Hagerstown, also, was founded by Ciernians. In 1739 
Jonathan Hagar made a settlement there, and in 1769 the 
town was laid out. He called the town after his wife, 
Elizabeth Town, but almost from the beginning people gave 
it the name of its founder. 

These German settlers were thrifty and industrious. Not 
only did they raise various crops on their farms, unlike the 




THE BRTCE HOUSE AT ANNAPOTJS. 



exclusive tobacco growing of other parts of the province, but 
also they found time to knit yarn stockings, to tan leather 
and make harness, to make linen goods, to prepare honey, 
apple butter, and other articles. They built up a trade of 

their groods at first on 



importance with Baltimore, carrying 

strings of six or eight pack-horses, and later in the 

covered carts called Conestoga wagons. 



large 



78 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

TOPICAL ANALYSIS. 

I. Absence of Indian Wars. 

1 . The Indians treated with fairness. 

2. Troubles -with the Susquehannouglis. 

3. What has become of the Indians in Maryland ? 

II. Character of the Settlements. 

1. Unlike those in New England; why? 

2. Small towns and few. 

3. Locate St. Mary's, Annapolis, Baltimore, Frederick, Hagers- 

town. 

4. Tell about the founding of each. 

5. Tell about the appearance of the towns and the life led in them. 

III. Communication. 

1 . Chesapeake Bay the great highway. 

2. Is it still so ? As much so as formerly ? Why ? 

3. What were " rolHng roads ? " 

4. The first post route. 

5. Hospitality in the colony. 

6. Tell how trade was begun with the settlers in the western part of 

the colony. 

IV. Classes of Seti'lers. 

A. Planters. 

I . Describe an old Maryland manor. 

B. Freemen. 

1. W^ere farmers, as were also the planters. 

2. Those who had a trade and those who had none. 

3. The necessity for blacksmiths, carpenters, etc., in a new colony. 

C. Redemptioners. 

1. Came from various classes in the Old World. 

2. Were servants bound out for a term of years. How many years ? 

3. In the end became freemen. 

4. How were they provided for after they had served their time ? 

5. Was their lot a hard one ? Would it have been harder in the 

Old World ? 

6. Who was George Alsop, and what was his opinion as to the lot 

of the redemptioners ? 



THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 79 

IV. Classes of Settlers {coittiuued). 

D. Cojtvicts. 

1. Not necessarily depraved or vicious persons. 

2. Jacobite plotters; who vsere they.'' 

3. Severity of punishments in those days. 

4. Convicts' terms of transportation seven or fourteen years. 

E. Negro Slaves. 

1. How did their servitude compare with that of the redemptioners ? 

2. How were they treated 1 

F. Ratigers a?id B ackwoodstti e n . 

1. Where and how did they live ? 

2, How did they aid the growth of the colony ? 

G. Class Distinctions. 

1. How did the planters differ from tradesmen and small farmers? 

2. Would a planter have been treated in the same way as a trades- 

man at an inn ? 

3. How would they be treated now at a hotel ? 

4. What led to the breaking down of class distinctions ? 

V. Social Life, Products, etc. 

1. Describe the houses and their furniture. 

2. What kind of fuel was used? What kinds of lights ? 

3. Compare these with the present use of coal, gas and electricity. 

4. Food : game and fish. 

c;. Indian corn, its importance and various forms. 

VI. Tobacco. 

1. The chief product. 

2. Its use as money, and the evils of such use. 

3. The effort of Lord Baltimore to replace tobacco money by coin. 

Why did it fail ? 

4. Supplanting of tobacco by wheat. 

5. Do you know what is meant by rotation of crops ? 



CHAPTER VI. 



THE REVOLUTION UP TO THE TIME OF INDEPENDENCE. 

Causes of Union and of Discontent. As we have seen, the 
French and Indian War had partially united the colonies for 
purposes of defense, and had paved the way for that closer 
union which led at last to their independence. There were 
many causes which acted to make the colonies dissatisfied 
with England, and to bring them closer together. We have 
already mentioned the Navigation Act,* and in Maryland 

another of these causes was 
the poll tax that everyone, 
regardless of creed, had to 
pay for the support of the 
Church of England. Still 
another — in the other col- 
onies as well as in Mary- 
land — was the Stamp Act. 
The Stamp Act. This 
was an Act passed by the 
British Parliament in 1765, 
requiring that stamped paper 
be used for certain specified 
purposes. For example, the 
tax on a license to sell wine 
was twenty shillings ; the 
tax on a deed was one shil- 
ling six pence ; that on a 
These taxes were of the same kind 




GEORGE WASHINGTON. 

Frotn a paiuth/g- by Gilbert Stuart in the 
State House at Anna/>otis. 



newspaper one penny. 



* See ante, p. 43. 



to THE TIME OF INDETENDENC] 



81 



as those laid by our own government in 1898 requiring a 
two-cent stamp on every bank cheque, a one-cent stamp on 
every telegram, and so on. But with this difference : we 
recognize the present stamp taxes to be laid on us by our 
own representatives for the expenses of our ow^n government ; 
while the colonists in 1765 looked upon their stamp taxes as 




THE PEGGY STEWART HOUSE AT ANNAPOLIS. 

laid by others than themselves for the benefit of the British 
government, and not for their own good. It was " taxation 
without representation." 

No Stamped Paper Allowed to be Sold. Zachariah Hood, 
a Marylander, brought a lot of the stamped paper from Eng- 
land and was appointed the officer to sell it in the colony. 
When he arrived, however, the people w^ould not permit any 
of the paper to be sold, but shipped it back in another ves- 
sel. In Baltimore, Annapolis, and other towns, effigies of 



82 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

Hood were hauled in carts, a halter around the neck, were 
tarred and feathered, whipped and hanged. His house in 
Annapolis was torn down, and he had to make his escape to 
New York to put himself under the protection of General 
Gage. Even there he was compelled to resign his office and 
promise never again to try to sell the stamps. 

Sons of Liberty. All classes of the people joined in the 
opposition. Daniel Dulany, of Annapolis, who was then 
one of the foremost lawyers of America, published a book 
arguing that the Stamp Act was entirely illegal. Societies 
called Sons of Liberty were formed in the various colonies 
to oppose the Act, and in Maryland they compelled the 
courts to transact all business without stamped paper. The 
Maryland Gazette on Oct. lo was put into mourning, with a 
skull and cross-bones in the place where the stamp should 
have gone. The Assembly also acted, and appointed three 
delegates, Edward Tilghman, William Murdock and Thomas 
Ringgold, to the Congress held in New York, through which 
the colonies petitioned the King and Parliament to remove 
the stamp taxes. 

Non-Importation Societies Formed. So much opposition 
at length compelled Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act, but 
almost immediately it laid a new tax on tea and many other 
articles of import. All the colonies opposed these new taxes 
as strongly as they did the Stamp Act ; and Maryland joined 
the others in the agreement not to use any tea, or any other 
articles on which taxes were laid, until the tax was removed. 
Gentlemen even wore home-spun clothes instead of the silks 
and fine stuffs they had been accustomed to. This agree- 
ment Maryland kept until the war began, although the other 
colonies had by that time abandoned it. 

The Act of Parliament taxing tea was passed in 1767, and 
from that date onto 1774 the intense feehng of opposition 



TO THE TIME OF INDEPENDENCE. 83 

to all taxes without the consent of the people had grown with 
such rapid strides all over the colony, and particularly in 
the section of upper and middle Howard and Montgomery 
Counties, that it was " Liberty or Death," instead of " No 
taxation without representation," that was discussed in the 
Whig Club of that section. Major Charles Alexander 
Warfield, of Bushy Park, was the president of that 
club and the first man to propose a separation from the 
mother country. His father, when warned by Mr. Car- 
roll that such rash words might bring him trouble, re- 
plied : " My son knows what he is saying,'and I agree with 
him." 

The Peggy Stewart and her Cargo of Tea, October 19, 1774. 
Nevertheless, some merchants in the colony attempted to 
evade the non-importation agreement. On October 15, 
1774, the brig Peggy Stewart, with a cargo of tea for 
Williams & Co., entered the harbor of Annapolis, and the 
owner of the vessel, Mr. Anthony Stew^art, a member of the 
non-importation society, paid the duty. This so incensed 
the people of Anne Arundel County that some of the more 
violent among them proposed to tar and feather Mr. Stewart, 
although he had already iDublicly apologized and confessed 
that he had done wrong. He and Joseph and James Wil- 
liams, the owners of the tea, signed a paper acknowledging 
that they had insulted the people of the colony by their con- 
duct and promising not only never to repeat the offense but 
also to burn all the seventeen packages of tea. This, how- 
ever, was not enough to satisfy the people. Major Warfield 
called the members of his club around him and, mounting 
their horses, they rode to Annapolis. They wore these 
words on their hats, "Liberty or Death." They rode in 
broad daylight with no disguises, through the country from 
the uplands of what are now Howard and Montgomery 



84 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 



Counties, down through the lowlands of Anne Arundel into 
Annapolis, and to the front of the residence of Mr. Stewart. 
Captain Hobbs, who was one of the party, has handed down 
the account of Major Warfield's actions and words. " Draw- 
ing them in line before the house he called on Mr. Stewart 
to accept one of two propositions : ' You must either go with 
me and apply the torch to your own vessel or hang before 

your own door.' " His 
manner of expression, 
though courteous, carried 
the conviction that it 
would be safer to accept 
the former alternative. 
Accordingly, on October 
19, four days after her 
arrival, the Peggy Stewart 
was run aground on Wind- 
mill Point where Stewart 
himself set fire to her, and 
she with her cargo was 
burned to the water's 
edge. ]M a j o r War field 
stood beside Mr. Stewart 
when he applied the torch. 
The Colonies Begin to 
Unite. Almost a year be- 
fore this in Boston, Philadelphia and Charleston, cargoes of 
tea had been either destroyed or returned to England. King 
George III. and his ministers were enraged at these doings 
of the colonies, and looking upon Boston as a " hot-bed of 
rebellion," determined to make an example of that city. They 
thought the other colonies would not come to the aid of 
Massachusetts, and that she woul4 be afraid alone to offer 




CHARLES ALEXANDER WARFIELD. 



TO THE TIME OF INDEPENDENCE. 



85 




BURNING OF THE PEGGY STEWART. 
From a painting by Frank B. 3Iayer, in the State House at A)i7iapolis. 



86 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 



resistance. Early in tlie year 1774, therefore, Parliament 
passed an Act annulling the charter of Massachusetts and 
closing the port of Boston. The port of Boston was closed 
on June i, and on June 22 a convention of delegates from 
every county of Maryland was held at Annapolis. The 
convention passed resolutions denouncing the action of 

Parliament and express- 
ing sympathy for Bos- 
ton. Subscriptions were 
taken up throughout 
the colony, and ship- 
loads of corn, rye-bread, 
and other supplies were 
sent to relieve the poor 
of Boston. 

The people every- 
where had begun to 
collect arms and ammu- 
nition ; not only to fight 
for themselves, but to 
help Boston, too, if it 
should need help. The 
Marylanders tho ug h t 
that enough talking had 
already been done and 
that the time had come 
for fighting. As Charles 
Carroll of Carrollton wrote : " And do you think that our 
pens are to settle this mighty question ? The people know 
their rights — knowledge is resistance — and our only um- 
pire is the God of battles ! " These men were disinterested 
patriots. Charles Carroll was perhaps the wealthiest man in 
the colonies, and if the Revolution had failed, his property 




CHARLES CARROLL OF CARROLLTON. 
From a fainting- in the State House at A njiapoUs. 



TO THE TIME OF INDEPENDENCE. 



87 



most likely would all have been confiscated. Committees 
of Correspondence had been organized in the different colo- 
nies to keep them in touch with one another and to form 
plans for better resisting the tyranny of England, and in 
June, 1774, the Mary- 
land committee had 
written to that of Vir- 
ginia proposing that a 
general Congress be 
held in Philadelphia. 
The colonies agreed to 
this, and the Congress 
met on September 5, 
in Carpenter's Hall, in 
Philadelphia. The dele- 
gates sent by Maryland 
were Robert Golds- 
borough, William Paca, 
Samuel Chase, and 
Matthew Tilghman. 

Maryland's Conser- 
vatism. Our State, 
like the other colonies, 
had in the early part of 
this struggle no idea of 
becoming independent 
of Great Britain, and 




SAMUEL CHASE. 
From a painting in the State House at A 7inapolis. 



was striving and ready to fight only for what she consid- 
ered her rights under that government. Maryland was con- 
servative ; that is, she wanted to keep all she had that was 
good until she felt sure that what was to take its place was 
better. Moreover, the Proprietary government had been 
wise and good on the whole, and Robert Eden, who was then 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 



Governor, had the respect and affection of everyone. There 
was no British army invading her shores and occupying her 
towns as in Massachusetts, North Carolina and Virginia, so 
that her desire for independence arose more from sympathy 
with the other colonies than from her own needs. Thus she 

was rather slow in join- 
ing the other colonies 
in declaring their inde- 
pendence. 

Maryland Concurs in 
Declaring the Independ- 
ence of the Colonies, June 
28, 1776. At length, 
early in the year 1776, 
Samuel Chase left Con- 
gress and came to Mary- 
land, where, aided by 
Charles Carroll of Car- 
rollton, he showed the 
people that the time 
had come when they 
should free themselves 
from the rule of the 
mother country. A new 
convention was elected 
which, on June 28, 1776, 
gave its delegates in 
Congress power "to 
concur with the other 
United Colonies, or a majority of them, in declaring the said 
Colonies free and independent States." Maryland was the 
twelfth colony formally to concur in independence, and the 
Declaration of Independence was signed on the part of 




WILLIAM PACA. 

From apai7iting in the State House at Aiuiapolis. 



TO THE TIME OF INDEPENDENCE. 



89 



Maryland by Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, 
and Charles Carroll of Carrollton. This same State Con- 
vention, on July 6, before it had heard of the Declaration 

of Independence of 

Congress, proclaimed 
the independence of 
Maryland. 

First Constitutional 
Convention, August 14, 
1776, When Maryland 
declared its independ- 
ence of Great Britain, 
the Proprietary govern- 
ment was by that very 
act destroyed. Mary- 
land the colony no 
longer existed, and 
Maryland the State had 
to proceed forthwith to 
organize a new govern- 
ment for itself. On the 
first of August, 1776, thomas stone. 

delegates were elected From apauiting in the state House at A imapolis. 

throughout the State to 

a convention for the purpose of drawing up a Constitution. 
The convention met at Annapolis on the fourteenth of Au- 
gust, and elected Matthew Tilghman president. The people 
of Prince George's County had permitted " every taxable 
freeman bearing arms " to vote at the election, but the law in 
Maryland allowed only those owning a certain amount of 
property * to vote. Differences of the same kind occurred 

* A freehold of fifty acres or a personal estate of forty pounds 
sterling. 




90 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 



^ s s o c I .^ T r O N 



T-^- 













M^A"^ 






J/J^/ 



i^ ^yr «^ :,y ■ 








ASSOCIATION OF FREEMEN. 
J^ro/u the Original Paper in the State House at A nnapohs. 



TO THE TIME OF INDEPENDENCE. 



91 



in Kent and Frederick Counties. New elections were or- 
dered in those places, and the delegates then chosen took 
their seats in the convention. 

Constitution and Bill of Rights Adopted, November, 1776. 

Early in the following November the Constitution was 

adopted, after being thoroughly discussed by the convention 

and the people. By this Constitution the Legislature of the 

State, called the General Assembly of Maryland, was divided 

into two chambers, the Senate and the House of Delegates. 

The chief executive of the State, the Governor, had no voice 

in the making of laws and 

had no veto power. In 

order to have the right to 

vote a man must have 

been a resident of the 

State for at least one 

year, must be twenty-one 

years of age, and must 

own a freehold of fifty 

acres in the county of his 

residence, or property 

within the State to the 

value of thirty pounds. 
By this law freemen were 
allowed to vote whether 
they were colored or 
white. In 1802 the prop- 
erty qualification was 
abolished, but the fran- 
chise was given to white persons only. The required 
length of residence was changed in 18 10, and the law 
thus modified remains in force to the present day, ex- 
cept that the franchise is now exercised without regard 




THOMAS JOHNSON. 

From apaifiti'ig in the State House at 

A nnapohs. 



92 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

to color.* The House of Delegates was composed of 
eighty members ; four from each of the nineteen coun- 
ties, and two each from Annapolis and Baltimore. The 
Senate consisted of fifteen members, nine of whom were to 
be residents of the Western Shore and six of the Eastern. 
To be eligible as a Delegate a person must own an estate of 
five hundred pounds ; as a Senator, must own property of 
more than one thousand pounds in value. The Delegates were 
elected directly by the people ; the Senators indirectly through 
an electoral college composed of two members from each county 
and one from each of the cities of Annapolis and Baltimore. 
The Governor was elected by the Legislature on joint ballot, 
and could not hold oflfice for more than three years in suc- 
cession. To be eligible for Governor a person must be not 
less than twenty- five years of age, and must own in the State 
property of over five thousand pounds in value, of which at 
least one thousand pounds must be a freehold estate. 
The Delegates and the Governor were elected for one year, 
the Senators for five years. The two houses of the Legis- 
lature together elected each year five men as a Council 
to the Governor ; the tw^o houses also elected members of 
Congress. t Provision was also made for courts of law and 
for the election or appointment of minor officers. Religious 
freedom was assured in the Declaration of Rights. 

First General Assembly of the State of Maryland, February 
5, 1777. The first elections under the new Constitution were 
held in November and December, 1776, and the first meet- 
ing of the General Assembly took place in the following 
February. Thomas Johnson was elected Governor, and was 
inaugurated at Annapolis on March 21 with great pomp. 
After the ceremony there was a banquet at which thir- 

* See p. 204, following. t See p. 148, following. 



TO THE TIME OF INDEPENDENCE. 



93 



teen patriotic toasts were drunk, one for each State, and in 
the evening a ball and illumination were given. 

Effect of Independence on Ecclesiastical Affairs. One 
curious result of the separation of the colonies from Great 
Britain was that the Episcopal Church in America was left 
without organization. It had formerly been a part of the 
Church of England and was supported by government, but 
after the colonies became independent, it was disestablished. 
There were no bishops of the church in America, and con- 
sequently candidates for the priesthood could not be or- 
dained. In 1784, Mason 
Weems, a young man 
from Maryland who was 
a divinity student in Eng- 
land, applied to several 
English bishops for admis- 
sion to holy orders, but was 
refused. Finally the Arch- 
bishop of Canterbury told 
him that nothing could be 
done without an Act of 
Parliament, because all 
clergymen had to take the 
oath of Allegiance to the 
King of England. Such 
an Act of Parliament was 




THOMAS JOHN CLAGGETT. 

From an old engraving. 



passed before long. When 

the diocese of Maryland 

was organized, Thomas John Claggett was elected its first 

bishop. He was consecrated at New York, in 1792. 

In the same year in which Weems was seeking to be 
ordained, John Wesley sent Thomas Coke from England to 
be superintendent of the Methodist societies in America, 



94 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 



and gave him authority to consecrate Francis Asbury to the 
same office. This ordination took place at a conference 
held at Baltimore in December, 1784. A few years later 
the American Conference altered the title of " superin- 
tendent " to " bishop," and the Methodist Church became 
independent of the Church of England, but without the 
approval of Wesley. In 1784 there were some twenty 

thousand Catholics in 
Maryland; in 1786 the 
Pope appointed John Car- 
roll, a cousin of Charles 
Carroll of Carrollton, as 
his apostolic vicar. He 
was afterward made 
Bishop of Baltimore and 
Archbishop of the United 
States. The other 
churches have indepen- 
dent organizations and no 
bishops, so that such diffi- 
culties did not arise in 
their case. 

Maryland's Attitude 
Towards Foreign Allies. 
Now that the Revolution 
was fairly begun, Mary- 
land took an active part in it, and kept up the fame of 
her old hospitality by giving banquets to nearly all the 
distinguished foreigners who came to help the colonies. 
She welcomed them in more serious ways, too, and Lafay- 
ette speaks very warmly of all that Maryland and Balti- 
more did for him. Count Pulaski raised a corps in Mary- 
land, for the most part in Baltimore, which fought valiantly 




FRANCIS ASBURY. 
From a painiins^ m the possession of the 
Methodist Historical Society , Baltimore. 



TO THE TIME OF IXDEPENDEXCE. 



95 



under him until he was killed at the siege of Savannah. It 
was this corps that carried the small banner of crimson silk 
made and embroidered for Pulaski by the Moravian Sisters at 
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Faded and worn the banner is 
now in the rooms of the Maryland Historical Society. 
Baron de Kalb commanded the Maryland Line until his 
death at the battle of Camden, and it is said that while 
dying he praised the braveiy of the Maryland regiment and 
its officers. The statesmen of Maryland saw the impor- 
tance to their cause of foreign allies, and Samuel Chase was 
the first man to move in Congress that ambassadors be sent 
to France. He and Charles 
Carroll were two of the three 
commissioners sent by Con- 
gress to Canada to persuade 
her to join the colonies in 
their struggle. 

Washington Firmly Sup- 
ported by Maryland. INIary- 
land welcomed foreign allies, 
but she was also true to her 
leaders at home. It was 
Thomas Johnson, first Gov- 
ernor of the State of Mary- 
land, who as a delegate to 
the Continental Congress 
when it met for the second 
time in May, 1775, formally nominated George Washington as 
Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army. Maryland 
stood by Washington throughout the war, in battle and in 
the plots that were formed against him ; she was faithful to 
him in success and in defeat, she furnished him with food 
and supplies, and no State sent more troops in proportion to 
its population to his army. 




JOHN CARROLL. 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 



TOPICAL ANALYSIS. 



I. Causes of Union and Discontent of the Colonies. 

A. The Fi'ench and Indian War. 

B. The Navigatio7i Act. 

C. The S/amf Act. 

1. What was the Stamp Act ? 

2. Explain the meanhig of "taxation without representation." 

3. How did the Marylanders receive the stamped paper? 

4. Was opposition to the Stamp Act confined to any class or 

classes of the people ? 
^. Who were the Sons of Liberty? 

6. What did Parliament do about the opposition to the Stamp 

Act? 

7. Give some examples of stamp taxes in later times. For ex- 

ample, the revenue stamps issued during the Civil War, the 
war with Spain, and those on packages of cigars, tobacco, etc. 

8. Why are some taxes paid willingly and others unwillingly? 

D. Other Taxes — 071 tea, glass, etc. 

1. The revenue from these was to be used in paying the salaries 

of governors, judges and Crown attorneys, thus making tliem 
independent of the colonies. 

2. What were the Non-Importation Societies? 

3. Tell about the Peggy Stewart. 

4. Compare this incident with the Boston Tea Party. 

II. Preparations for War. 

1. Maryland sends aid to Boston. 

2. What was the attitude of Charles Carroll of Carrollton ? 

3. Tell about the Committees of Correspondence. 

4. The congress of the colonies at Philadelphia, 
q. Who were the Delegates sent from Maryland ? 

6. Explain Maryland's conservatism on the question of indepen- 

dence. 

7. When did Maryland concur in declaring the independence of 

the colonies ? 

8. What Marylanders signed the Declaration of Independence ? 



TO THE TIME OF INDEPENDENCE. 



97 



III. Maryland Becomes a State, 

1. Why was it necessary to hold a Constitutional Convention ? 

2. When and where did the first Constitutional Convention meet ? 

3. When was the first State Constitution adopted ? 

4. Provisions of the Constitution. 

(a) The General Assembly to consist of two chambers. 
{/>) The chief executive the Governor ; his powers. 
{c) Voters' qualifications. 
{d} Composition of the House of Delegates. 
{e) Of the Senate. 

(/) Qualifications of Delegates, Senators and Governor. 
(^) Delegates elected directly; Senators iridirectly by an elec- 
toral college ; Governor by the Legislature. 
(//) The Governor's Council. 
(/■) Religious freedom assured. 

5. First General Assembly of the State of Maryland, February, 

1777. 

6. What effect did the independence of Maryland have on : 
(a) The Episcopal Church ? 

(d) The Methodist Church.? 
(c) Other Churches ? 




/ 



CHAPTER VII. 

MARYLAND IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 

Cresap's Riflemen. The first of the Maryland troops to 
join ^^'ashington's army was a company of riflemen, com- 
manded by Captain Michael Cresap, which left Frederick 
on July 1 8, and arrived at Cambridge, Massachusetts, on 
August 9, 1775. They were armed with tomahawks and 
rifles, and wore hunting shirts and moccasins. They were 
expert shots, and while stationed at Roxbury, to the south of 
Boston, would pick off at long range any British officers or 
men who exposed themselves. Cresap, who was born in Al- 
legany County, died in New York City, October 18, 1775, 
while on his return from the army at Boston, and was buried 
in Trinity churchyard. 

Four Hundred Mary landers at the Battle of Long Island, 
August 27, 1776. Maryland's quota of troops was 3,405 
men ; and a regiment of these, commanded by Colonel Wil- 
liam Smallwood, joined the army at New York, where they 
were attached to Lord Stirling's brigade. The Maryland 
troops were Washington's favorites, and deserved to be. He 
knew he could rely upon them, that they would stand firm 
and do their duty ; and for personal bravery they had no 
superiors in the army. At the battle of Long Island, Stirling 
chose a band of four hundred Marylanders, commanded by 
Major Mordecai Gist, and kept in check five times that number 
of the enemy until the remainder of his division, who were re- 
treating, succeeded in crossing the marshes behind them into 
safety. Muskets and cannon were firing on the four hun- 
dred from all sides, but as fast as some fell the others closed 



MARYLAND IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 



99 



up the ranks and still faced the enemy. Time and again 
those that were left flung themselves upon the enemy, until 
more than half their number were captured or dead. The 
rest of the army was saved, but at the cost- of two hundred 
and fifty of its bravest and best drilled soldiers. 




THE MARYLAND REVOLUTIONARY MONUMENT, 
MOUNT ROYAL PLAZA, BALTIMORE. 

After the campaign around New York had ended so badly 
as it did for the Americans, General Howe offered to pardon 
all " rebels " who should lay down their arms. Great num- 



Laf 



100 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

bers — about three thousand persons in the course of ten 
days — in New Jersey and Pennsylvania did so, but Mary- 
land on the contrary made extra efforts to aid Washington in 
his difficulty by raising for him more troops and supplies, and 
her soldiers did him good service in bis victories in New 
Jersey. 

The State Furnishes More than Her Quota of Troops. In 
the year 1777 Washington wrote to Governor Johnson asking 
for still more troops, and the State raised five more regiments 
of infantry, making in all seven regiments out of forty-three 
that formed his entire army fit for service. This was more 
than twice as many regiments as Maryland should have fur- 
nished if all the thirteen colonies had shared alike. 

Tories in Maryland. It must not be supposed, however, 
that all the people of Maryland were supporters of the new 
government. Many of them were, as they were called, 
Tories, and did all they could to aid Great Britain. Num- 
bers of these Tories had gone to England at the beginning 
of the war, but many of them had remained in the State, es- 
pecially in Worcester and Somerset Counties, where they 
were joined by Tories from other States. Several times 
they went so far as to break out openly against the American 
cause, but without success. Some of them supported the 
mother country because they thought she would be victorious 
in the end and that their property and position would be 
safer if they took this course ; but others, among them Dan- 
iel Dulany, remained loyal to her because they believed she 
had right on her side from the moment the colonies had 
declared themselves independent. 

About the time that Washington was asking and receiving 
more troops from Maryland, Sir William Howe embarked 
nearly his whole army at New York and put to sea. For 
some time it was not known where he had sailed, but at 



MARYLAND IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 101 




PauluS >^^^d t% 



NA.AS.NK^^ 




OPERATIONS IN NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY, 177G- 
Froin Fiskc's " The American Revolution'' by permission of 
Houghton^ ISIijfflin ^ Co, 



102 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

length his fleet passed by AnnapoHs on its way up the Chesa- 
peake. His plan was to overawe Maryland and capture 
Philadelphia. This plan had been all written out by Gen- 
eral Charles Lee, who had been taken prisoner by the Brit- 
ish, and who, to save his own neck, now plotted against the 
American cause. This was not known till many years after- 
wards, and we shall find him again in command of an Ameri- 
can army and betraying it. Lee declared, foolishly and 
falsely, that most of the people of Maryland and Pennsyl- 
vania were Tories, and would welcome the British army. 
The fleet made a pretense of attacking Baltimore and then 
sailed on to Elkton, within fifty-four miles of Philadelphia, 
the town in which Congress held its sessions. The people 
at once carried their stores and property out of reach, so that 
the enemy captured almost nothing. Howe marched toward 
Philadelphia, and took possession of that town after an en- 
gagement at the Brandywine, in which the Americans were 
worsted. In the meantime the fleet sailed to the Delaware 
River to aid the army. 

The Defense of Fort Mifilin. All along the river the 
American soldiers fled or refused to do duty, until Washing- 
ton sent some Maryland artillery, under Colonel Samuel 
Smith, of Baltimore, to hold Fort Mifflin, on Mud Island. 
The British commander was determined to get his fleet up 
the river, as he was having a hard time to find food for his 
soldiers in Philadelphia. Fort Mifflin was attacked from the 
river banks and from the ships until the fort was in ruins 
and many of the garrison killed or wounded. But Colonel 
Smith and his men held out until all of the works were 
beaten down and most of the company of artillery killed, 
when they set fire to the ruins of the fort and left the island. 

Maryland Troops Keep the Enemy in Check — Battle of 
Monmouth, June 28, 1778. In 1778 Howe was succeeded 



MARYLAND IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 103 



by Sir Henry Clinton, who evacuated Philadelphia to gather 
all his forces together in New York. Washington marched 
rapidly after him and sent an advance corps under 
Charles Lee, who had been exchanged and was again 
with the American army, to 
cut off Clinton's rear. 
Lee overtook Clinton near 
Monmouth Court House. 
Everything was in his favor, 
but instead of fighting he 
treacherously ordered a re- 
treat. This caused the army 
to fall into confusion, and 
within a few minutes the 
enemy would have been 
upon them. Lafayette, who 
commanded under Lee, at 
once sent a messenger to 
Washington, who was with 
the main army a few miles 
away. Washington hastened 
to the field, and as he rode 
up cried, "My God, General Lee, what are you about?" 
Then he hurried to the front and asked for some one 
to keep the British back. Nathaniel Ramsay, of Baltimore, 
at once offered himself. "If you can stop the British ten 
minutes till I form, you will save my army ! " said Wash- 
ington to him. Colonel Ramsay kept them back for half 
an hour, and again the army was saved by the Maryland 
soldiers. 

The Maryland Line Sent to South Carolina. W^e cannot tell 
the whole story of Maryland in the Revolutionary War, 
because that would almost be to tell the story of the war itself, 




NATHANIEL RAMSAY. 
From a painting tn the possession of 
]\Iaryland Historical Society. 



104 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 



but must pass on to some of the later battles in which the 
Maryland troops won distinction. Sir Henry Clinton thought 

he had not a 
strong enough 
army to attack 
Washington's 
camp at West 
Point, and so after 
fortifying New 
York, he set sail 
for Charleston, in 
December, 1779. 
General Lincoln 
was in command 
of the American 
forces in Charles- 
ton, and Washing- 
ton at once sent 
all the Virginia 
and North Caro- 
lina troops to aid 
him in the de- 
fense of that city. 
A short time 
afterwards he sent 
also the Maryland 
Line, together 
with a Delaware 




DE KALB MONUMENT, STATE HOUSE 
GROUNDS, AT ANNAPOLIS. 



regiment, under 



the command of de Kalb and Otho H. Williams, of the 
Sixth Maryland Regiment. They arrived too late to help 
Lincoln, who surrendered Charleston after a brave de- 
fense, but they remained in South Carolina under General 



MARYLAND IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 105 



Gates, who succeeded Lincoln in the command. Sir Henry 
Chnton thought that as Charleston had fallen there was 
almost nothing left to be done, and therefore sailed back to 
New York, leaving part of his army, under Lord Cornwallis 
with orders to conquer all the country from Charleston to 
Chesapeake Bay. 

Starvation and Sickness. Baron de Kalb was compelled 
to halt his troops because 
he could get almost noth- 
ing for them to eat, but in 
spite of this General Gates, 
when he arrived, put the 
army on the march to 
Camden. Both de Kalb 
and Williams advised him 
against this, but he would 
not listen to them. The 
soldiers ate green peaches 
instead of bread, and it is 
said even thickened their 
soup with hair powder, so 
that in a few days two- 
thirds of them were ill of 
dysentery. They found a 
little cornmeal, however, 

and continued the march until they came wathin a few miles 
of Camden. 

The Battle of Camden, August i6, 1780. Gates and Corn- 
wallis each determined to surprise the other's camp, and they 
did surprise each other, indeed, when the two armies met 
half-way between the encampments in the middle of the 
night. There was a hot skirmish and then both armies 
waited for morning. Next day the battle was fought. In 




MORDECAI GIST. 

Froin a pai7itmg m the possession of the 

Maryland Historical Society . 



106 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

the American forces the Second Maryland Brigade, com- 
manded by General Gist, and the Delaware Battalion were 
on the right under de Kalb, with the First Maryland Brigade, 
under General Smallwood, a short distance behind them. 
General Gates had foolishly sent off four hundred of the best 
Maryland regulars on a long march to the south. The Vir- 
ginians were on the left, with the North Carolina troops in 
their rear. Colonel Williams began the battle by advancing 
with about fifty men. The British also advanced, firing and 
shouting, which so frightened the Virginia militia that most 
of them threw down their guns and fled without firing a shot. 
Almost immediately the North Carolina militia followed the 
Virginians, only a small part of them standing long enough 
to fire two or three rounds. This left only the Marylanders, 
about eight hundred men, and the Delaware Battalion to 
oppose three times as many of the enemy. The wisest 
plan would have been to retreat, but de Kalb waited in 
vain at his post for orders from General Gates, who was 
no longer there to give orders : either he had fled, or, as 
some say, had been carried away in the rush of the panic- 
stricken soldiers. The Maryland Line stood firm, and, 
cheered on by their officers, de Kalb, Howard and Gist, 
even began to drive the enemy back, but at last the First 
Brigade had to give way. They were rallied by Colonel 
Gunby, Major Anderson, Major Jones and other officers. 
Again they had to give way, and again they rallied. The 
Second Brigade was still fighting bravely. At length the 
enemy charged, cavalry and infantry together, and the day 
was won for the British. 

Death of de Kalb. Six hundred Marylanders were left on 
the field, and Baron de Kalb was taken prisoner after re- 
ceiving eleven wounds, from which he died on the third day 
following. 



MARYLAND IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 107 



Howard and the Maryland Line in the Battle of the Cowpens, 
January 17, 1781. The British in a short time had posses- 
sion of Georgia and South CaroHna, and were invading 
North CaroUna and Virginia. General Nathaniel Greene, 
whom Congress appointed to succeed General Gates, found 
that he would have a hard task to oppose the enemy with the 
small remnant of an army left to him, an army in rags, with- 
out tents or wagons, and almost without arms, ammunition 
and supplies. General 
Greene divided his army 
into two parts and sent them 
in opposite directions to 
places where they could get 
food. General Morgan com- 
manded one part, consisting 




of about six hundred men, 
and under him, among other 
officers, was John Eager 
Howard, of Maryland. Mor- 
gan was presently re-inforced 
by about four hundred of 
the Carolina troops. Corn- 
wallis also divided his men 
into two parts, with the pur- 
pose of getting Morgan's Maryland Historical Society. 

army between them. Morgan, learning of this plan from 
his scouts, took up his position at the Cowpens. He placed 
his inferior troops, Carolina and Georgia militia, in the 
front, and his best, including Colonel Howard's Marylanders, 
near a hill in the rear. The militia in the front lines stood 
and fired many volleys at close range, but at length re- 
treated behind the hill. The enemy then advanced upon 
Howard and his men, who soon brought them to a halt. 



WILLIAM SMALLWOOD. 
From a pahifiiig i)i the possession of the 



108 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 



The British commander, Colonel Tarleton, ordered his re- 
serve to come forward, and at the same time the Ameri- 
cans who had retreated rallied and returned to support 
Howard on his right. By a mistake in orders, Howard's 
men began to retreat towards the hill, but in such per- 
fect order that he did not stop them at once, but allowed 
them to fall back until they were once more in a good posi- 
tion. Then he ordered 
them to face about and 
fire at the enemy, who 
were rushing on in great 
disorder, thinking they 
had already won the vic- 
tory. When the Ameri- 
cans fired at such close 
range the enemy stopped 
short, and before they 
could recover. Colonel 
Howard charged upon 
them furiously. Some 
threw down their arms 
and fled, but most of 
them surrendered. At 
one time during the en- 
gagement Colonel How- 
ard held the swords of seven officers who had surrendered 
to him. 

The Battle of Guilford, March 15, 1781. That portion of 
the British army which Cornwallis commanded in person 
had not come up in time to take any part in the action at 
the Cowpens, but he started out at once in pursuit of Gen- 
eral Morgan. At this General Greene again brought to- 
gether the two parts of his army at Guilford ; but deeming 




JOHN EAGER HOWARD. 

From a /xiiHting in the possessioji of the 
Maryland Historical Society. 



MARYLAND IN THE RF.VOLUTIONARY WAR. lOO 



VIRGINIA 



# 



,A* 




ON.Qr^R T H V^ b:-' A^ « ^0 L I M A\ 




GREENE AND CORNWALLIS IN THE CAROLINAS, 
JANUARY-APRIL, 1781. 

From Fisk-e's " The American Revohdiov " l>y permission of 
Houghton, Mifflin &= Co. 



110 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 



his forces too weak to meet the enemy, he retreated into 
Virginia. Before long, receiving reinforcements, among them 
the second Maryland Regiment, he returned to Guilford to 
give battle. In the engagement that followed, the first line, 
composed of North Carolina iiiilitia, was driven back in 
disorder. The second line, made up of Virginia militia, 
stood firm until the enemy charged, when they were slowly 

driven back. This brought 
the British up to the third 
line, in which were the 
Virginia regulars and two 
Maryland regiments, com- 
manded by Colonel Gunby 
and Lieutenant-Colonel 
Ford, under Colonel Wil- 
liams. The First Mary- 
land Regiment fired and 
charged and drove the 
enemy back. The enemy 
rallied, however, and again 
advanced, whereupon the 
Second Maryland Regi- 
ment, which in the mean- 
while had been sent to the 
front, retreated. As the 
enemy came on, sure of victory. Colonel Gunby and his regi- 
ment met them bravely, but at the critical moment Colonel 
Gunby fell from his horse, which was shot under him. But 
Colonel Howard came to the rescue, and charging with the 
bayonet, as at the Cowpens, drove the enemy back in 
disorder. 

Williams at the Battle of Eutaw, September 8, 1781. 
Several other engagements between the two sides followed 




OTHO H. WILLIAMS. 

From a pahiting in the possession of the 
Maryland Historical Society. 



MARYLAND IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Ill 

this battle, with the result that in the end of summer the 
British retreated to Eutavv Springs, to which place General 
Greene followed. He succeeded in getting close to the enemy 
without their knowing it, and advanced to the attack in two 
lines, in the second of which were two hundred and fifty 
Marylanders, commanded by Colonel Williams, Colonel 
Howard and Major Hardman. For a time the first line, 
composed of militia, fought bravely, and then gave way, 
when the North Carolina regulars took their place. These, 
too, fell back after a stubborn fight, and the British ad- 
vanced so quickly that their ranks became disordered. 
Then it was that General Greene gave the command, " Let 
Williams advance and sweep the field with his bayonets 1 " 
Williams and his Marylanders advanced to within a very 
short distance of the enemy, then fired and charged. The 
British gave way all along the line. Again the Maryland 
troops fired and again they charged, and the British fled 
in all directions. The battle was w^on ; but after taking 
the enemy's camp the soldiers stopped to plunder, and 
everything was turned into confusion. Seeing this, the 
British returned and the Americans were forced to retire. 
However, the victory remained with them, for the British 
remained only during the night to destroy their stores 
and then retreated to Charleston. General Greene, in his 
report of this battle, says of Colonel Williams that his 
bravery in leading his soldiers to the charge exceeded any- 
thing he ever saw. 

By this campaign General Greene had recovered from the 
enemy the whole of North Carolina, South Carolina and 
Georgia, except Wilmington, Charleston and Savannah, and 
decided now to rest his army and wait for reinforcements. 

The Shores of the Chesapeake Ravaged by the British. In 
the meanwhile the British had been plundering and burning 



112 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 



everything they could lay hands on in Virginia and Mary- 
land, along the Bay shore and rivers, and were anxious that 
the war should now be carried on in the Chesapeake. It 
was thought that if Maryland could be made to suffer 
severely, her zeal for the cause of independence w^ould be 

lessened; that if her 
fields were laid waste 
and her towns burned, 
she could no longer fur- 
nish supplies and money 
with so liberal a hand ; 
and that if her people 
saw their own homes 
made desolate, their 
hearts would lose their 
courage. But we may 
ask the question : If her 
soldiers fought so bravely 
in the defense of others, 
what would they not have 
done for the protection 
of their own ? 

Patriotism of the Bal- 
timore Women. When 
the enemy's plans became 
known Maryland at once 
made preparations for defense, and Washington sent Gen- 
eral Lafayette to the State with an army. It is related that 
while in Baltimore a ball was given in his honor, at which 
someone, noticing his sadness, asked the General the cause 
of it. He replied that it was because his poor soldiers were 
suffering for want of clothes. The ladies there assured him 
that he should have clothes for his men, and the next morn- 




LAFAYETTE. 



MARYLAND IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 113 

ing they were to be seen in the same ball-room busily cutting 
out and sewing clothing for Lafayette's army. 

Cornwallis Surrenders, October 19, 1781. Before the war 
could be carried into Maryland, Cornwallis had surrendered 
at Yorktown. This news was carried to Congress by Wash- 
ington's private secretary, Colonel Tench Tilghman. Bal- 
timore and Annapolis were illuminated, healths were drunk, 




OLD CONGRESS HALL, BALTIMORE. 

cannon were fired, and the news was spread through all the 
States, 

Peace and Independence, September 3, 1783. Sir Henry 
Clinton asked to be relieved of his command, and Sir Guy 
Carleton, who was appointed to take his place, arrived in New 
York in May, 1782. He at once informed Washington that 
he and Admiral Digby were empowered to make a treaty of 
peace. On hearing of this the Maryland Assembly passed 



114 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

resolutions declaring that they wanted peace, but were wil- 
ling to accept it only on terms honorable to the colonies and 
to France, their ally, and that Maryland would do all in 
her power to continue the war until Great Britain should 
acknowledge the independence of the colonies. Such a 
peace was before long concluded, and the preliminary 
articles were signed in Paris on January 20, 1783. The 
war was over, and as a matter of course Maryland gave a 
banquet at Annapolis to celebrate the event. The Governor, 
the Council and a great many others were present. They 
drank thirteen patriotic toasts with thirteen cannon shots for 
each toast, and ended with an entertainment for the ladies. 
Ail the other large towns of the State celebrated just as 
joyfully. 

Five Hundred Survivors of the Maryland Line. Maryland 
had a right to rejoice. Throughout the struggle she had 
stood firm, and had sent to the army soldiers that ranked 
first in bravery, discipline and trustworthiness. Not only 
brave men, but liberal supplies of every kind had Maryland 
given to the cause of independence, and the end of the war 
found her without money and with a large debt. But at 
least her cause was won, and she was now ready and able 
to go on in her new path with the same brave front, the 
same energy as of old. Five hundred men, all that remained 
of the Maryland Line, now returned to their native State, 
wounded, tattered, and without money, but strong in the 
thought of their duty well done, and rich in the gratitude of 
their country and their State. 

The Navy in the Revolution. A word must be said about 
the naval affairs of the Revolution, in which Maryland 
played an honorable part. The first regular cruisers that 
went to sea from Maryland under the new government of 
the thirteen colonies were the Hornet and the Wasp, the 



MARYLAND IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 115 

former with William Stone as captain and Joshua Barney as 
second officer, the hitter with Charles Alexander as captain. 
The one mounted ten guns, the other eight. British war- 
ships were watching the mouth of the Chesapeake, but the 
two little vessels managed to pass them without being seen, 
and joined the American fleet in the Delaware. This was in 
1775. Two years later, when Commodore Hopkins had 
been dismissed from the service by Congress, Captain 
James Nicholson, of Chestertown, became the senior officer 
of the Navy and remained so to the end of the M-ar. His 
brother Samuel was Paul Jones' lieutenant in the famous 
fight between the Bon Homme Richard and the Serapis, 
and was made a captain. A third brother, John, also was a 
captain in the Continental Navy. Maryland fitted out 
several other vessels, which did good service, and she kept 
quite a fleet of smaller boats in Chesapeake Bay. In 1776 
Congress passed resolutions permitting privateers to be 
fitted out, and Maryland was foremost among the States in 
doing so. In six years about two hundred and fifty of these 
vessels sailed out of Chesapeake Bay. 

TOPICAL ANALYSIS. 
I. The Beginning of the War. 

A. Cresafs Rijicmeu. 

1. Were they regular troops? 

2. Describe their arms and dress. 

3. Who was Michael Cresap ? 

B. Maryland Troops. 

I. Why were the Maryland troops the favorites of Washington ? 
.2. How did Maryland compare with the other States in sending 

troops to the army ? In the niimber of troops sent ? 
3. Tell about Gist and his Marylanders at the battle of Long 

Island, 



116 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

I. The Beginning of the \Var {continued). 

4. How many were in his band ? How many survived tlie action ? 

C. Tories. 

1. Who were the Tories ? 

2. What Marylander of prominence was a Tory ? 

3. Were there many of them in the State ? 

4. Why did Sir William Howe think there were many ? 

5! Describe how the British army and fleet advanced to Thila- 
delphia. 

6. Where was Fort Mifflin ? 

7. Describe its defense. 

8. Why was Washington unsuccessful in his attack on the British 

after they evacuated Philadelphia ? 

9. Tell how Colonel Ramsay saved the army from being routed. 
ID. Where was this battle fought ? 

II. The War in the South. 

A. To the Battle of Camden. 

1. After the surrender of Charleston, what was Clinton's plan? 

2. In what condition were the Americans to oppose it ? 

3. Describe the battle of Camden. 

4. Name some commanders of the Maryland troops in this battle. 
5* Tell of de Kalb's relations to the Maryland troops and of his 

death. 

6. After the battle, did Clinton's plan promise to succeed ? 

7. How did General Greene plan to oppose Cornwallis? 
B. To the Surrender of Cornwallis. 

1. Tell about the battle of the Cowpens. 

2. Describe Howard's and Williams' mode of fighting at the Cow- 

pens, Guilford and Eutaw. 

3. What was the general result of the campaign in the South ? 

III. The British in the Chesapeake. 

1. Why did the enemy wish to bring the war into Maryland ? 

2. Lafayette sent to command the army in Maryland. 

3. How did the Maryland women help him > 

IV. Peace. 

I. Describe how the country received the news of Cornwallis' 
surrender. 



MARYLAND IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 117 

IV. Peace {conthiucd). 

2. How did the war affect the State's finances? 

3. How many survivors of the Maryland Hne were there ? 

V. Tell about the Naval Aefairs of the Revolution and 

Name Some Maryland Commanders who Won Dls- 
tinction. 




CHAPTKR VIII. 

THE FIRST DECADE OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 

The State Threatened with Bankruptcy. The end of the 
War of Independence found Maryland face to face with 
bankruptcy. The State had spent all its money in helping 
to carry on the war, and had issued large amounts of paper 
money. Congress, too, in the name of the thirteen States, 
had put out much paper, for her share of which Maryland 
was responsible. Now paper money is only 2.p07nise to pay, 
and if people think the promise cannot or will not be kept, 
they of course take as little of the paper money as possible, 
and it becomes of very little value. In the United States at 
the present day the Government keeps in the Treasury a 
large amount of gold which anyone who wants it can get in 
exchange for "greenbacks." But during the Revolution 
and after, Maryland had no gold to give in exchange. The 
gold had all been spent in providing for the war, and if the 
war had ended in victory for the British, then the State's 
paper money would have been worth just nothing at all. 
If, on the other hand, the colonies should win in the struggle, 
then they might be able to redeem their promises to pay. 
But a government has no money except that which it gets 
in taxes from its citizens, and the citizens of Maryland who 
were not fighting in the army had to give all they could 
earn to supply the needs of those who were, and of their 
families. Thus the State had become quite poor, and there 
was much doubt as to whether Maryland — and Congress, 
too — would ever be able to make good her promise to pay. 

Depreciated Paper Money. So it was that the paper money 

118 



FIRST DECADE OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 119 

became worth less and less, until in 1781 a pair of boots 
was worth six hundred dollars, a handkerchief one hundred 
dollars, a skein of silk ten dollars, in paper money, and 
other things in proportion ; while these same articles, if one 
had gold to pay with, could be bought for about sixteen 
dollars, three dollars and thirty cents, respectively. This 
worthless Continental money gave rise to the expression, " not 
worth a continental," meaning absolutely of no value what- 




OLD CITY HALL, BALTIMORE. 
From a pa biting, 

ever. In spite of all this there was still, as late as 1786, a 
party in the State in favor of issuing more paper money. 
More than once a bill was passed by the Delegates to issue 
more of it but each time the Senate rejected the bill. 

Maryland Refuses to Join the Confederation, In the year 
1 78 1 the Confederation of the American Colonies had been 



120 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

formed, after much delay and argument. By 1779 all of 
the States except Maryland had agreed to the Articles of 
Confederation. The larger States, especially Virginia and 
New York, claimed vast tracts of land to the westward as 
having been granted to them by their charters. Now Mary- 
land contended that it was only just that these western lands 
should be given up to the Confederated States as common prop- 
erty for the benefit of all, seeing that the smaller States had 
done as much towards independence as the larger ones, if not 
more. As these latter refused to give up their claims to the 
western lands, Maryland refused to join the Confederation. 

Ratifies the Articles, March i, 1781. At length she yielded, 
for fear that her refusal might do harm to the American 
cause, and signed the articles in 1781. Her opposition, 
however, had opened the eyes of the other States, and 
within the next twenty years all the " western lands " had 
been ceded to the United States. In this w^ay was created 
a national domain, and the possession of such a common 
property made it much easier for the States to form the idea 
of a Federal Union and to carry that idea into execution. 
The great credit of this is due to Maryland, but at the time 
her course was looked at in so different a light that it was 
even threatened that she should be divided up between the 
neighboring States and her name wiped from the map. 
Within her own borders, lands that had formerly belonged 
to the Proprietor, lying in the western part of the State, 
Maryland used in part by dividing them up into farms with 
which she rewarded her soldiers w^ho had served in the war. 

Maryland Consents to Pay Federal Taxes. In order to pay 
off the large debts, including paper money issues, made to 
carry on the war, Congress now wanted to lay taxes in all 
.he States. At that time the Federal Government had 
much less power than it now has, and could lay no taxes 




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FIRST DECADE OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 121 

except by means of the separate State Governments. Mary- 
land agreed to raise her share of the taxes, because she saw 
how important it was that the credit of the new Federation 
should be good. But some of the States paid no attention 
to the matter, and New Jersey went so far as to refuse to 
pay her share of the public debt. The States were not 
really united. Even during the war there had been more 
or less jealousy among them, and this feeling had increased. 
The people of the different States could not know each 
other as well as they now do. Whereas now one can travel 
from Baltimore to Philadelphia in two or three hours, in 
those days the journey lasted four or five days. There were no 
railroads or telegraph lines to carry news of the doings in 
Boston to the people of Baltimore. Most people never trav- 
eled outside of their own State ; many never away from their 
own neighborhood. Thus the people of the different States, 
not knowing each other, could not understand each other; 
and not understanding each other, distrusted each other. 
It had been for only nine years that the thirteen States 
had worked together, and one of the greatest hindrances 
to Washington in the war had been this weakness of the cen- 
tral government which stood for the union of the States. 

Each State had its own laws for regulating trade and 
taxes, and the laws of no two States were alike. Most of 
the trade of the colonies had been carried on with England 
and her West Indian colonies, and for the most part in 
American-built ships, but in 1783 an order was issued by 
the King in council that '' all trade between the United 
States and the British West Indies must be carried on in 
British-built ships, owned and navigated by British sub- 
jects." This was a severe blow to American commerce, 
and the various States tried to retaliate by laying double or 
quadruple duties on goods brought to their ports in British 



122 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

ships. No two States made the same Uiws, and Congress 
had no power to make regulations for the wliole country. 
In ten of the tliirteen States, among tliem Maryland, laws 
were passed in 1785 giving Congress the power to regulate 
commerce for thirteen years ; but these laws were so at vari- 
ance with each other that Congress could do nothing with 
them. 

Maryland Ratifies the Constitution, April 28, 1788. Matters 
at length got into such bad shape that the States agreed to 
hold a convention to see if they could not remedy the evils. 
The delegates elected to this Federal Convention from 
Maryland were James McHenry, Daniel of St. Thomas 
Jenifer, Daniel Carroll, John Francis Mercer and Luther 
Martin. The convention met in Philadelphia in 1787, choos- 
ing George Washington as its president, and after four 
months of discussion the Constitution of the United States 
was adopted. A little later it was ratified by the people of 
Maryland, April 28, 1788, although Luther Martin had op- 
posed the Constitution very strongly, and neither he nor 
John Francis Mercer signed it. There was always great 
difference of opinion as to whether the Constitution were 
good or bad, whether it said one thing or another ; and we 
shall see that seventy-five years after its adoption this differ- 
ence of opinion had much to do with causing the war be- 
tween the South and the North. Under the New Constitu- 
tion the first Senators sent from Maryland to Congress were 
John Henry, of the Eastern Shore, and Charles Carroll of 
Carrollton, of the Western. 

Washington Resigns his Command, December 23, 1783. At 
the close of the war Washington had resigned his commis- 
sion and surrendered his sword to Congress in the Senate 
Chamber at Annapolis, where there still hangs a painting of 
the scene. He wished to retire to private life, but could 



FIRST DECADE OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 123 




124 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

not yet be spared by his country. In 1789 he was elected 
the first President of the United States. It soon became 
clear that the Federal Government must have some fixed 
seat instead of moving about from one town to another ; and 
New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore each wished to be- 
come the new capital. The Baltimoreans subscribed about 
one hundred thousand dollars to help pay for government 
buildings if their city should be chosen. Finally, however, 
an Act of Congress was passed by authority of which Wash- 
ington selected a part of Maryland, the present District of 
Columbia, as a sice for the new city. The State of Virginia 
advanced one hundred and twenty thousand dollars to help 
pay for its public buildings, and INIaryland seventy-two thou- 
sand dollars, but these sums were soon spent, and it was 
found necessary to borrow more money to complete the work. 
Washington tried in Europe and America to borrow what 
was needed, but without success until he appealed to Mary- 
land. The State replied by lending the government a quar- 
ter of a million dollars. 

Growth of Trade. Maryland was no longer poor. The 
French Revolution and the war between France and Eng- 
land made a demand for the productions of the United 
States, and Maryland took a large share of the resulting 
trade. The exports of the State grew from about two and a 
quarter million dollars in 1791, to fourteen and a quarter 
millions in 1807, in which year the Government of the 
United States laid an embargo on all vessels in American 
ports. As a result of this, the commerce of Maryland was 
almost destroyed. 

Baltimore Incorporated, 1796. Baltimore had become the 
centre of the tobacco and grain trades, and had grown so 
that in 1796 it was incorporated and became a city. By 
1807 it was the third commercial city in the United States. 



FIRST DECADE OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 125 



The increase of wealth in the State is shown by the increase 
in the returns of property for direct taxation from thirty-two 
million dollars in 1799 to one hmidred and six millions in 
1815. 

As trade grew the building of ships increased, and Balti- 
more shipbuilders learned to make the fastest vessels afloat. 
As the saying was, " They start before the wind has time to 
reach their sails, and never allow it to come up with them." 
They were called " Bal- 
timore Clippers," and 
were famous all the 
world over. The '' clip- 
per" carried so much 
sail that the seas were 
continually breaking 
over her. The sailors 
used to say, " She takes 
a header when she gets 
outside the harbor, and 
only comes up two or 
three times to blow be- 
fore she gets home." 
The city kept up its 
old practice, too, of 




JAMES CALHOUN, 
yiRST MAYOR OF BALTIMORE. 

From a painting in the City Hall, Baltimore. 



sending out privateers 
which sailed under the 
French flag and did great harm to British commerce. 

The War with Tripoli. The sailors of the State took part 
in more Avorthy deeds when the American Navy suppressed 
the Barbary pirates. These pirates had for years been cap- 
turing the vessels of all Christian nations, and either selling 
their crews and passengers into slavery, or holding them 
for ransom. War was declared against Tripoli in 1802, 



126 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 



and a fleet was sent to blockade that port. A 3^ear later 
a larger fleet was sent out, and while it was cruising off 
the coast, the American frigate Philadelphia ran aground 
on a rock off the coast of Tripoli, where she was captured 
by the Tripolitans and towed into port. Shortly afterwards 
Lieutenant Stephen Decatur, of Maryland, with a party of 




A BALTIMORE CLIPPER. 

From a print in the possession of the P. Dougherty Company, Baltimore. 

volunteers, went into the harbor, boarded and captured the 
frigate and destroyed her. This was in 1804. 

Causes of Enmity between England and the United States. 
In the early years of the present century, as we have said, 
when France was at war with Great Britain, the vessels of 
America carried a very large part of the commerce of the 
world, and American merchants grew rich from the trade. 



FIRST DECADE OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 127 

But France and England were sorry that so much trade 
should pass into the hands of the Americans. They did all 
they could to harass our vessels, capturing and destroying 
them whenever they had a chance, in spite of the fact that 
the United States were neutral ; that is, were not the ally of 
either side. The merchants protested, and sent memorials to 
the President and Congress, asking them for protection. At 
length William Pinkney, a distinguished Maryland lawyer, 
was sent, in 1806, as Envoy Extraordinary to England to try 
to get redress. He did not succeed, however, in making 
Great Britain grant the claims of the United States, and 
after five years returned to America. 

The Affair of the Chesapeake and the Leopard, June 22, 1807. 
Matters continued to grow worse until there was nothing 
left for the United States to do but fight either Great Britain 
or France, or both. England claimed the right, and put it 
into practice, to search any American vessel for deserters 
from the British Navy, and often took men thus who were 
not British subjects. It happened that five sailors of the 
British frigate Melampus, which was watching some French 
frigates blockaded at Annapolis, deserted. Three of them 
enlisted on the United States frigate Chesapeake. The 
British dem.anded that these men be given up ; but when 
the United States Government looked into the matter, it was 
found that the three men were all Americans, two of them 
natives of Maryland, who had been " pressed " on board the 
MelampuSo They had been forced to leave the ships in 
which they were sailing, and to serve on the British man-of- 
war. This being the case, the United States refused to give 
the men up and they were on board the Chesapeake when 
she sailed. Just outside of Capes Charles and Henry the 
Chesapeake was overtaken by the British frigate Leopard, 
whose captain sent a note to Commodore James Barron of 



128 HISTORY OF MARYLANE). 

the Chesapeake, saying that he had orders to take the " Brit- 
ish deserters " by force, if necessary. Commodore Barron 
refused to permit them to search his vessel, and the Leopard 
opened fire. The Chesapeake was taken by surprise and 
had nothing ready for action. Her decks were Httered with 
all sorts of things : chicken-coops, boxes and barrels. Some 
of her guns were not on their carriages, and no rammer 
could be found. The American ship shot only one gun, and 
then surrendered. Four of her men were taken off. 

Embargo Laid on Vessels in American Ports, December 22, 
1807. It was after this that Congress laid the embargo on 
American vessels of which we have spoken. The intention 
was to injure England and France by depriving them of our 
products, but its real result was to destroy the commerce of 
America. It might, possibly, have helped the American 
cause and injured its enemies if the American people had 
supported it. The New England States, however, Massachu- 
setts especially, cried out against the embargo, saying that it 
was a plot of the Southern States to ruin the Eastern, and 
saying that the New England States were the only ones 
especially interested in commerce and shipping. But the 
fact is that the Middle and Southern States together had be- 
tween three and four times as much export trade as New 
England ; and Maryland alone had more than Massachusetts. 
Maryland was patriotic, as she had always been, and obeyed 
the embargo at the cost of her commerce, until bitter opposi- 
tion caused the Act to be repealed. 

Rise of Home Manufactures in Maryland, 1808. One 
effect of the embargo was to strengthen the feeling that man- 
ufactures ought to be started in our own country ; that we 
ought to produce for ourselves all that is needed to supply 
our wants, instead of importing such articles from abroad. 
Nine days after the laying of the embargo a meeting of mer- 



FIRST DECADE OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 129 

chants was called in Baltimore to form a company for the 
spinning of cotton and wool ; and early in the following year 
the Union Manufacturing Company of Maryland was organ- 
ized with a capital of half a million dollars. Even earlier 
than this, associations of workingmen had been formed and 
strikes to raise wages had been organized. The Society of 
Journeymen Tailors of Baltimore had conducted successful 
strikes in 1795 and 1805. In most trades the demand for 
skilled workmen was greater than the supply. 

TOPICAL ANALYSIS. 

I. PArER Money. 

1. Redeemable and irredeemable paper; explain the difference. 

2. Why had Maryland issued paper money ? 

3. Was it redeemable or irredeemable ? 

4. Where does the government get its money ? 

5. "SX^as Maryland rich or poor at the end of the Revolution ? 

6. Does war generally make a nation rich ? Did the Boer War 

enrich England ? 

7. Describe the effect of paper money on prices. 

II. Confederation. 

1. Why did Maryland refuse to join ? 

2. What were the " Western Lands ? " 

3. How did Maryland's action help the country ? 

4. What are Federal taxes ? 

5. Tell how the States acted in the matter of Federal taxation. 

6. Why were the different States not really united? 

7. The effect of British navigation laws on American commerce. 

8. Congress could not make laws to regulate American com- 

merce. 

9. The laws of the different States greatly at variance. 

10. A closer union determined upon. 

11. The Federal Convention; who were the Maryland Delegates? 

12. The Constitution of the United States adopted. 

13. The first United States Senators from Maryland : John Henry 

and Charles Carroll, of Carrollton 



130 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 



III. The Federal Capital. 

1. The Federal government had no fixed seat. 

2. Various cities compete for the honor. 

3. The District of Columbia selected. 

4. Maryland lends money to the Federal government. 

IV. Trade and Commerce. 

1. Stimulated by the French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars. 

2. Maryland's exports increase sevenfold between 1791 and 1807. 

3. The tobacco and grain trades and shipbuilding in Maryland. 

4. Baltimore clippers. 

5. France and, especially, England, interfere with American com- 

merce. 

6. William Pinkney's mission to England. 

7. The right of search ; what was it ? 

8. Tell about the affair of the Chesapeake and the Leopard. 

9. 
10. 
II. 
12. 
1^.. 



The embargo laid by Congress. 

Its intended and its real effect. 

Its failure partly due to lack of popular support. 

Its effect on home manufactures. 

Early workingmen's associations and strikes. 



V. The Barbary Pirates ; Tell of Decatur's Action. 







CHAPTER IX, 

THE WAR OF 1812. 

Annapolis Defies British Seamen. The affair of the Chesa- 
peake and the Leopard roused the whole country, and prep- 
arations for war were made at once. Maryland being 
called on for six thousand men, double that number volun- 
teered. The spirit of the Marylanders is shown by an inci- 
dent that occurred early in the year 1812. Three sailors 
escaped from a British vessel lying near Annapolis, but were 
seen and fired at before they reached the shore. An armed 
party was sent after the deserters, who, they declared, should 
be taken back by force if caught. The citizens of the town, 
however, surrounded the Englishmen, took away their arms, 
and sent them back to their ship, not only without the three 
deserters, but without a fourth man also w^ho refused to go 
on board again. 

The outrages of Great Britain at length became unbear- 
able. She had captured many of our merchant vessels, had 
insulted our Navy, and had impressed thousands of sailors 
from American vessels and compelled them to serve on the 
English warships, where they were treated with great cruelty. 
The United States could no longer submit to such treatment, 
and declared war on June 19, 18 12. 

Riots in Baltimore. Many persons in the United States, 
especially in the Northern cities, were opposed to the war, 
but in Maryland the people on the whole favored it. There 
were, however, a number of prominent men in the State who 
opposed the war openly. Among these were Jacob Wagner 

131 



182 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

and Alexander C. Hanson, editors of a newspaper, tlie 
Fedei-al Republican, published at Baltimore. This paper op- 
posed the war so fiercely that the people became enraged ; 
and on June 20, 18 12, a mob destroyed the type, presses and 
building belonging to the newspaper. The editors, however, 
continued to publish the paper, printing it at Georgetown. 
Trouble soon followed. On the twenty-seventh of July a 
score of men who supported the Fedei'al Republican and who 
had fortified themselves in Wagner's house at Baltimore, 
were attacked by a mob. The Mayor of the city succeeded 
in persuading the garrison to surrender, under promise that 
they should receive no hurt, and they were taken to the jail 
for safety. The following night the mob attacked the jail, 
captured nine of the prisoners, and cruelly beat and cut 
them. One of the nine, General James M. Lingan, died 
from his injuries ; and another, Henry Lee, a distinguished 
general of the Revolutionary War, was crippled for life. 
Eight of those who were in the jail made their escape. This 
attack was an outrage against that freedom of thought and 
speech so dear to all Americans, It had such an effect on 
the people of the State that in the elections which took place 
shortly afterwards, many of the counties elected Federalist 
delegates, so that the Federalist party, which w^as opposed to 
the war, had a majority in the Legislature. Nevertheless, 
Maryland continued to support the government in carrying 
on the war. 

The Invasion of Canada. The Americans proposed to in- 
vade Canada ; and while preparations were being made to 
this end, two Marylanders, Lieutenant Jesse Duncan Elliott 
and Captain Nathan Towson, captured two British armed 
brigs near Buffalo. With a small force they rowed out to 
the brigs in two small boats, captured them, and sailed 
down the Lake. Both vessels ran aground in the Niagara 



THE WAR OF 1812. 



133 



River within gunshot of the Canadian shore, and the British 
fired on them. The Americans, however, got away with 
their prisoners and the 
cargoes of the vessels, but 
had to destroy one of 
these, the Detroit. The 
other, the Caledonia, was 
saved by the efforts of 
Captain Towson and after- 
ward made one of Perry's 
fleet. 

Many Privateers Sent 
Out. The attempted in- 
vasion of Canada was a 
failure, and the result of 
the war thus far was 
favorable to the British, 
except at sea, where the 
United States were quite 
the equal of the enemy. 
Maryland alone sent out, 

within four months after the war was declared, forty-two 
armed vessels. These with other privateers, swarmed over 
all the ocean, capturing P^ritish vessels and even attacking the 
enemy's men-of-war. More privateers sailed from Baltimore 
than from any other city in the United States, and a larger 
number of officers in the Navy came from Maryland than 
from any other State ; forty -six out of a total of two hundred 
and forty. It will give some idea of the hurt done by 
American vessels to English commerce to know that Com- 
modore Barney, in one short cruise in his schooner Rossie, 
captured ships and cargo to the value of a million and a half 
dollars, and took two hundred and seventeen prisoners. 




NATHAN TOWSON. 

From a painting in the possession of the 
Maryland Historical Society. 



134 HISTORY OF MARYLAND^ 

Five hundred British merchant ships were captured in seven 
months. 

Chesapeake Bay Blockaded, 1812. At the end of the year 
18 1 2 Great Britain declared Chesapeake and Delaware Bays 
to be in a state of blockade; and by the spring of 18 13 the 
blockade was extended to the whole Atlantic coast except 
Rhode Island, Massachusetts and New Hampshire. The 
effect of the blockade was disastrous to Maryland commerce. 
In 181 2 the net revenue collected in the State, in customs, 
was $1,780,000 ; in 1813 this fell to $182,000; and in 1814 
the expenditures exceeded the receipts. A British fleet, 
under Admiral Cockburn, sailed into Chesapeake Bay and 
harassed the shores, plundering and burning the towns, and 
capturing and destroying all the small vessels they could 
find. The fleet sailed up the Bay and lay off the City of 
Baltimore. No attack was made on the city, but a number 
of towns at the head of the Bay were pillaged and burned. 
The only defenders at these places were small bands of 
militia, as the Federal Government refused to send aid to the 
State, The militia did its best, and sometimes succeeded in 
driving off the attacking parties ; but they were usually too 
few to stand against the larger forces of British soldiers. 
When there were no more vessels, militia and stores of war 
material left in the upper waters of the Chesapeake, Cock- 
burn returned to the lower part of the Bay. In spite of all 
this, the feeling in support of the war gained in strength 
throughout the State. 

Battle of Caulk' s Field. By the year 181 4 the overthrow 
of Napoleon left England free to give more attention to the 
war with the United States. More ships and a land force 
were sent over. Several of these ships, commanded by Sir 
Peter Parker, sailed up the Chesapeake, burning and pillaging 
the farms on the shore. On the night of August 30, Sir 



THE WAR OF 1812. 135 

Peter landed with two hundred and fifty men at a point 
about nine miles from Chestertown, and by a circuitous 
march tried to cut off the camp occupied by one hundred 
and seventy Maryland soldiers under Lieutenant-Colonel 
Philip Reed. The two little armies met on Caulk's Field, 
and after an hour's fight the British retreated just as the 
ammunition of the Americans became exhausted. In the 
engagement Sir Peter Parker was killed. 

Battle of Bladensburg, August 24, 1814. In the meantime 
the remainder of the fleet had landed the British army at 
Benedict, whence they began to march towards Washington. 
Nothing whatever had been done in the way of building de- 
fenses for the capital. The British soldiers, suffering severely 
from the heat, at first advanced very slowly. Pretending to 
march directly on Washington, they turned and went rapidly 
on to Bladensburg. They numbered about four thousand 
five hundred men, while the American army, under the com- 
mand of General William H. Winder, of Baltimore, numbered 
about seven thousand. The two armies met on August 24, 
the Americans in a strong position on a hill, and separated 
from the British by a stream over which was a single narrow 
bridge. This the enemy succeeded in crossing, and after 
some fighting drove the Americans from the field and 
captured half of their artillery. The only troops on the 
American side who fought with any bravery were a party of 
four hundred sailors under Joshua Barney, of Baltimore. 
These manned a battery of five guns and stood by their guns 
bravely, even when attacked on the flanks and in the rear, 
until Barney was wounded and taken prisoner. Then they 
fell back, abandoning their guns. Commodore Barney had 
been in command of the Chesapeake Bay fleet of gunboats, 
but had been compelled to destroy his vessels to prevent 
their falling into the hands of the enemy. It was thought 



136 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

useless to try to defend Washington with the army scattered 
in all directions, and therefore General Winder marched 
towards Baltimore with the few troops he could collect. 
The British marched on to Washington. The Capitol, the 
President's house, the Treasury Building, the Navy Yard, 
the State and War Departments, were burned and destroyed. 
Public property to the value of more than two million dollars, 
besides private property, perished. 

Baltimore Threatened. The destruction of the Arsenal 
and naval storehouses at Washington had been one of the 
chief aims of the British. Having accomplished it, they 
now turned to the other, the destruction of Baltimore, which 
city they called a " nest of privateers." Warned by the 
threats of England, Baltimore had begun to make prepara- 
tions to defend itself against the expected attack. For this 
purpose five hundred thousand dollars had already been 
spent, and now everyone in the city, even the old men and 
boys, went to work with pick and shovel to throw up fortifi- 
cations. After a few days the enemy sailed up the Bay, and 
on September ii, seventy of their ships lay at anchor off 
North Point. Early next morning they landed their troops, 
an army of five thousand men, commanded by General Robert 
Ross, while a number of small vessels under Admiral Cock- 
burn formed in line to bombard the city. But the new^s of 
their coming had been sent up the Bay shore by beacon-fires 
and mounted messengers, so that the city was prepared. 
Commodore John Rodgers, with twelve hundred man-of-war's 
men, had charge of the batteries ; Colonel George Armi- 
stead, of Virginia, commanded Fort McHenry ; while the 
forces of the city were in command of General Samuel 
Smith, of Baltimore. 

The Battle of North Point, September 12, 1814. General 
John Strieker, with about three thousand raw militia, marched 



THE WAR OF 1812. 



137 



out some seven miles along the Philadelphia road to recon- 
noitre the enemy. When he learned, on the morning of Sep- 
tember 12, that the enemy had landed, he sent back his 
baggage and formed his troops in line of battle. The British 
advance guard, having marched to within two miles of Gen- 
eral Strieker's pickets, were met by a small body of Ameri- 
cans who had been sent forward to surprise them, but who 




BATTLE MONUMENT, BALTIMORE. 



soon returned. A larger detachment, under Major Richard 
K. Heath, was then sent forward. After firing several volleys 
this detachment was slowly falling back when a musket shot 
killed General Ross, who had ridden to the front to see how 
matters were going. Colonel Brooke, who was now in com- 
mand of the British, moved up cautiously until he came 



138 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

within a very short distance of the American lines. His 
troops were met by volley after volley of musketry, returned 
so briskly that the two armies were soon hid from each other 
by the smoke. On the American left the Fifty-first Regiment 
now broke and fled, and was followed by a part of the 
Thirty-ninth. Colonel Brooke tried to take advantage of this 
by advancing rapidly, but was received by the American ar- 
tillery, whose guns had been loaded with " grape and canister, 
shot, old locks and pieces of broken muskets." At the same 
time, all along the line volleys of muskets and rifles followed 
each other incessantly. The British, however, continued to 
advance. At length General Strieker ordered his small 
remaining force to retreat, which they did in good order and 
without being pursued by the enemy. It must be remem- 
bered that the Americans engaged in this action were raw 
militia, while the British troops were all regulars, many of 
whom had fought in the wars against Napoleon ; and that 
General Strieker had gone out only to skirmish, and not to 
attempt to defeat the whole British army. 

On the next day the enemy resumed their march on 
Baltimore, and in the evening came in sight of the Ameri- 
can army of about twelve thousand men strongly entrenched 
on a ridge of hills. Colonel Brooke was afraid to attack 
this strong position with his own army exposed. He there- 
fore decided to wait for darkness to give battle, hoping the 
English vessels would by that time be ready to help him. 
But no news came from the fleet until at midnight it was 
heard to begin the bombardment. After two or three hours' 
waiting. Colonel Brooke received word that the fleet could 
not come up as the channel was too shallow for any but the 
smallest vessels, and besides was blocked by sunken ships. 
He therefore ordered a retreat, and the attack on Baltimore 
was abandoned. 



THE WAR OF 1812. 



139 



Bombardment of Fort McHenry. The fleet turned back, 
and stopping at a distance of two miles from Fort Mclienry, 
for twenty-four hours threw showers of bombs into the fort, 
which could make no reply with its guns at that long range. 
But their flag was kept flying, and it was the sight of this 
flag which inspired Francis Scott Key to write his patriotic 



|45t::F^ 



%. 





BOMBARDMENT OF FORT McHENRY. 

From an old priiit in the possession of the Maryland Historical .Society. 

song, '* The Star Spangled Banner." Key had gone to the 
British fleet on business connected with prisoners. He was 
kindly treated there, but was told he could not leave the 
fleet until after the attack on Baltimore. From the deck 
of the ship where he was detained he watched all night the 
bombardment of the fort, with no means of knowing whether 



140 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 



it had surrendered or not; but with the first ghmpse of dawm 
he saw that the Stars and Stripes were still flying. 

To the riglit of Fort McHenry redoubts had been built 
to prevent attacks in the rear on the fort and Baltimore 
City. At one of these, Fort Covington, a sharp engage- 
ment took place on September 13. Twelve hundred of 
the enemy, heavily armed with muskets and small cannon, 

and provided with scaling 
ladders, attempted to land 
in the darkness. Sailing- 
master John A. Webster, 
whose duty it was to pa- 
trol the shore that night, 
heard the noise of the 
approaching boats, and 
immediately gave the 
alarm. At the same time 
a rocket fired from the 
foremost boat showed 
plainly the enemy near 
the shore. The guns of 
the battery were all loaded, 
and in a few moments a 
firing began which lasted 
incessantly for two hours. 
The attacking party had expected no resistance, and after 
the foremost boats had been disabled the remainder put 
back to the fleet. The American force numbered less than 
one hundred and fifty, of whom thirteen were wounded 
in the engagement. None were killed. Had the British 
succeeded in landing, they would have attacked Fort 
McHenry in the rear, and might have captured not only 
the fort but Baltimore as well. 




FRANCIS SCOTT KEY. 



THE WAR OF 1812. 141 






' J«^ e3ie.i^ /iO:<^ <fZ^ ..^y^A.„^2^ <^*,„»,^, ^-^ t^^^^ 



,/^ii^ ^^,4^S ^^l^/J-^ ^■' ^^ ? -^. I . -^ /' 



•;,.'' ^ ^ ^-? ^^ "'^t^.'^^^ 4(c^i^t^ <^/C>i^ 









^ z^i ^.., 



L-tt-<£u_ . 






"THE STAR SPANGLED BANNER." 

From the original manuscript in possession of Airs. Rebecca Lloyd Shippen. 



142 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 



There was joy throughout the whole country when it 
was known that the British had retreated from Baltimore, 
and in that city itself the joy was unbounded. Battle 
Monument was built a year later to commemorate the event ; 
the twelfth of September was made a holiday ; and year 
after year on that day the " old defenders " were publicly 
honored by the city, until the last of their number died 
in 1898. 

The war lasted only a short time longer, a treaty of peace 

being signed at Ghent 
on December 24, 181 4. 
Curiously enough this 
treaty said nothing in re- 
gard to the right of search 
on American vessels, 
which had been the chief 
cause of the war. But 
Great Britain tacitly gave 
up the right of search, 
and no trouble has ever 
arisen since on the ques- 
tion. 

Beginning of the State 
Debt, and of the City Debt 
in Baltimore. During the war Maryland had appropriated 
nearly half a million dollars to aid the Federal Govern- 
ment, while Baltimore alone had appropriated a million dol- 
lars for defense. President Madison recognized the justice 
of the claims of the State to repayment by the United States ; 
but the people of other parts of the country cried out 
against it, and in the end Maryland received only a little 
over three hundred thousand dollars. Before the war the- 
revenue from a fund of a million and a half dollars which 




JOSEPH HOPPER NICHOLSON, 

Composer of the music to " The Star 

Spangled Ba9i9ier.^' 



THE WAR OF 1812. 148 

the State possessed was enough to pay the ordinary expenses 
of the government, and in Baltimore the revenues sufficed 
for all current expenses ; but so much money was paid out 
during the war that both the State and the city had to bor- 
row, and this was the beginning of the present State and 
city debts. 

TOPICAL ANALYSIS. 
I. Ill-Feeling Toward England, 

1. Latent ill-feeling surviving from the struggle for independence. 

2. Caused by the capture of merchant ships. 

3. Caused by impressment. What is meant by impressment ? 

4. Leads to the declaration of war, June 19, 1812. 

IL Opposition to the War. 

1. Chiefly in the Northern cities. 

2. What was Maryland's attitude? 

3. Tell about the Federal Republican riots. 

4. Opposition to the acts of the government does not imply a lack 

of patriotism. 

5. In general, our government is best when there is a strong op- 

position. 

6. In any case every citizen has a right to criticise the government; 

freedom of thought and speech. 

7. Compare the attitude of the anti-imperialists now with that 

of the Federalists in 181 2. 

TIL Progress of the War. 

1. What two Marylanders distinguished themselves in the invasion 

of Canada.? 

2. Tell what they did. 

3. Give some account of the injury done by privateers to British 

commerce. 

4. Great Britain proclaimed the blockade of Chesapeake and 

Delaware Bays ; what does that mean ? 

5. Describe the effect of the blockade on Maryland's commerce. 

6. Napoleon's overthrow; how did it affect the war in America.'' 



144 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 



IV. The War in Maryland. 

1. Pillage and burning on the shores of Chesapeake Bay. 

2. Tell about the battle of Caulk's Field. 

3. The Battle of Bladensburg. 

4. Bravery of Barney and his sailors. 

5. The destruction of Washington. 

6. What caused England's ill-will toward Baltimore ? 

7. Describe the battle of North Point, September 12, 1S14, 

8. Why was the attack on Baltimore abandoned ? 

9. Tell about the bombardment of Fort Mclienry. 

10. Describe how Key wrote the " Star-Spangled Banner." 

11. Tell about the attack on Fort Covington. 

12. Treaty of peace signed December 24, 1814. 

13. How w'as the question as to the right of search settled ? 

V. Causes of the Beginning of the State Debt and of Bal- 

timore City Debt„ 




CHAPTER X. 

AFTER THE WAR WITH ENGLAND: POLITICAL HISTORY; IN- 
TERNAL IMPROVEMENTS; SOCIETY AND MANNERS. 

Federalists and Republicans. It will be remembered that 
there were two political parties in the United States during 
the War of 1812 : one, the Federalist, was in general op- 
posed to the war ; the other, the Republican, w^as in favor 
of it. This latter is not the same as the present Republican 
party, but is really the beginning of the party called Demo- 
cratic. The question of the war was not the only one on 
which the parties differed : the Federalists leaned to the 
side of England in the wars following the French Revolution, 
while the Republicans sympathized with France ; the Fed- 
eralists favored a strong central government in the United 
States, while the Republicans thought the separate States 
should be stronger and more independent. The Southern 
States were Republican, and the New England States, 
especially Massachusetts and Connecticut, were Federal- 
ist ; though there were many of the latter party in the South, 
and some of the former in New England. 

In Maryland, in the elections of 18 14, the Federalists 
made considerable gains; but in those of 18 15 the Re- 
publicans made such gains that the Federalists had a ma- 
jority of only one vote in the General Assembly. The latter 
party gradually lost power in all the States, chiefly because 
of its opposition to the war, until in 18 16 Monroe, the Re- 
publican candidate for President, received the electoral votes 
of all the States except Massachusetts, Connecticut and 

145 



146 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

Delaware. In 1820 he received all the votes except one,"* 
and the Federalist party fell to pieces completely. In this 
same year the Republicans gained complete control of the 
State Government of Maryland. 

Minority Rule in the State. It was in these years that 
much discussion arose in Maryland about the election of 
representatives to the Assembly. Annapolis and Baltimore 
each elected one elector of the Senate, the counties each 
elected two. Of the House of Delegates Baltimore City and 
county elected six members, but in proportion to their popu- 
lation and the taxes they paid they were entitled to twenty. t 
In addition to this the Governor was elected, not by the 
people directly, as is now the case, but by the Legislature ; 
nor were Senators elected directly, but by a college of elect- 
ors as is the case in electing the President of the United 
States. By this arrangement the portion of the State w^iich 
had most population and paid most taxes had less voice in 
the government than the other part ; or, as we say, a minor- 
ity of the people was governing the majority. In 18 18 an 
effort was made to alter the Constitution of the State in 
order to correct this evil, but the opposition in the counties 
was so strong that the bill could not be passed. 

Enfranchisement of the Jews, 1825. Another matter of 
discussion in these years was the enfranchisement of the 
Jews. They were allowed to worship according to their 
belief, but were not allowed to hold any office under the 
State Government until, in 1825, a bill was passed giving 
them the same rights that every one else had. 

Reforms in the State Government. The Federalist party 
was succeeded in time by the Whigs, and as we shall before 

* This vote was cast against him because it was thought that Wash- 
ington should be the only President elected unanimously, 
t See ante, p. 91. and following. 



AFTER THE WAR WITH ENGLAND. 



147 




148 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

long have to speak of their successors, the present Republi- 
cans, let us call the old Repubhcan party by the name it now 
bears, Democratic. In 1828 the Democratic party had 
elected Jackson to the presidency, and during the end of his 
second term the old question of minority rule came up again 
in Maryland. In 1836 members of both political parties 
held a reform convention in Baltimore, and agreed to nomi- 
nate Delegates who would pledge themselves to carry out 
the needed reforms. But it was the year of a presidential 
election, and party feeling was so strong that men of differ- 
ent parties, although they held the same views on this 
question, would not unite for the election of Delegates. 
Nevertheless, public opinion was so strongly in favor of 
these reforms that the newly-elected Assembly passed a law, 
which, among other changes, gave the people the power to 
elect directly the Governor and Senators, one from each 
county and one from Baltimore City. The number of Dele- 
gates from each county was to be proportional to the popula- 
tion of that county, and the city of Baltimore was to send as 
many Delegates as the county having the largest population. 
The State Encourages the Building of Canals and Railroads. 
The importance of opening up the Western country to trade 
and settlement was early recognized, and during the first 
half of the nineteenth century many schemes for building 
roads and canals were started, some of which were carried 
through. Even as early as 1784 the Legislature of Mary- 
land, in conjunction with that of Virginia, had considered 
the project of opening up a trade route to the West by way 
of the Potomac River. The Potomac Company was organ- 
ized, but came to nothing, and finally surrendered its charter 
to the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company in 1825. 
This latter company was to connect the Potomac River at 
Georgetown with the Ohio River, and the canal was actually 



AFTER THE WAR WITFI ENGLAND. 149 

completed as far as Cumberland. The merchants of Balti- 
more feared that much of their Western trade would be 
turned aside to Georgetown, and therefore planned another 
canal to connect their city with the Chesapeake and Ohio 
Canal. However, before this project could take form, the 
idea of building railroads entered into men's minds. 

Railroads had been in use in England for some years, and 
in one or two places in America, when, on July 4, 1828, the 
corner stone of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was laid in 
Baltimore by Charles Carroll of Carrollton. The road ran 
from Baltimore to Ellicott's Mills, and the cars were drawn 
by horses. Two years later a locomotive, built by Peter 
Cooper, was run over the road, and made about fifteen miles 
an hour. 

The road grew, and in 1835, the State subscribed three 
million dollars to the stock of the company. This same Act 
subscribed five millions to other railroads and canal com- 
panies, a total of eight million dollars on which interest had 
to be paid, and the principal of which would have to be paid 
in course of time. It was thought that the profits of the 
companies would be so large that the interest the State 
would receive on its stock would be not only enough to 
cover the interest on the bonds it issued, but enough to leave 
large sums over, which might be used for the expenses of the 
government. The interest on the debt of the State amounted 
to six hundred thousand dollars a year, and this had to be 
raised by taxation. As long as it w^as possible the Legis- 
lature avoided laying taxes, but in 1841 it could no longer 
be put off. In a number of counties the tax laws were not 
enforced, and the people generally tried to shirk payment. 

Suspension of Interest Payments, 1842. As a result of 
this, as early as January, 1842, the State could no longer 
pay the interest on its debts. The amount of interest 



150 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 



steadily increased until in 1844 it reached the sum of nearly 
a million and a half dollars. 

Interest Payments Resumed, 1848. Soon, however, the 
companies to whose stock the State had subscribed began 
to earn enough to pay interest on it, and the amount raised 
by taxes gradually grew larger, so that in 1848 the State 
began to pay interest again. 




OLDEST RAILROAD STATION IN AMERICA, AT FREDERICK. 

Nothing is more important for a government than the 
prompt payment of its debts ; for if it does not pay promptly 
no one will be willing to lend it money again. The State 
of Maryland, like other governments, can get money in two 
ways : by taxing the people, or by issuing bonds. If it 
adopt the latter plan, interest must be paid on the bonds, 
and, besides, the money borrowed on them has to be paid 
back in time to those who advanced it. For instance, 
Maryland may want to borrow money, by issuing bonds, to 
build new school houses, but if she has already refused to 
pay the money she borrowed to build bridges, say, men 
throughout the country who have money will refuse to lend 



AFTER THE WAR WITH ENGLAND. 



151 




FIRST LOCOMOTIVE, BALTIMORE & 
OHIO RAILROAD. 



it to her. In which case, possibly, the scliool houses could 
not be built. Maryland should be grateful to two men, 
Governor Thomas G. Pratt and George Peabody, for the 
services they rendered the State when it was in such diffi- 
culties. It was largely 
owing to their efforts 
that interest payment 
was resumed and the 
credit of the State 
maintained. Governor 
Pratt kept constantly 
before the Legislature 
and the people the ne- 
cessity of laying taxes 
for the payment of the 
debt of the State and the interest thereon, and George 
Peabody used all his personal ability and influence in 
London to sell the bonds and maintain the credit of Mary- 
land among English financiers. He w^as entitled to compen- 
sation for his services, being one of three commissioners 
appointed by the State, but he refused all pay, saying that 
he was '' sufficiently remunerated for his services by the 
restored credit of his State." Maryland has never repu- 
diated; that is, refused to pay its debts, and the suspen- 
sion of interest payment lasted only a few years. 

The First Electric Telegraph Line in the United States. 
Fourteen years after the first use of a steam locomotive on 
the Baltimore and Ohio railroad was seen the completion of 
the first electric telegraph line in America. In 1843 Con- 
gress had appropriated thirty thousand dollars to be used 
by the inventor, S. F. B. Morse, in erecting an experimental 
line between Baltimore and Washington. The line was com- 
pleted by May, 1844, and proved to be successful. Shortly 



152 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 



afterwards the news of the nomination of Polk and Dallas 
by the National Democratic Convention held in Baltimore 
was telegraphed to Washington, and caused a great sensa- 
tion. At an earlier date than this, in 1816, was organized 
in Baltimore the first company in the United States for the 
manufacture of gas for street lighting and general use, and 

a little later, in 
1859, the first 
passenger street 
cars were run in 
Baltimore. 

The War with 
Mexico. In the 
year 1845 war 
broke out be- 
tween Mexico and 
the United States 
because of the 
annexation of 
Texas by the lat- 
ter. The State 
of Texas was 
originally a part 
of Mexico, but 
rebelled to form 
a n independent 
republic, which 
afterwards asked 
to be made a part of the United States. The United States 
army won a number of victories at Palo Alto, Monterey, 
Buena Vista, and other places. Another division of the army, 
after a series of victories, took possession of the City of 
Mexico. At Palo Alto the skilful handling of the artillery 




MEXICAN WAR MONUMENT, BALTIMORE. 



AFTER THE WAR WITH ENGLAND. 153 

by Major Samuel Ringgold, of Maryland, probably won the 
battle. Major Ringgold died from wounds received in this 
engagement, and was succeeded in the command of the 
Light Artillery by Randolph Ridgely, another Marylander. 

Volunteers for the war offered themselves so eagerly 
in Baltimore that recruiting was discontinued. Of those 
who enlisted, a battalion of six companies was formed, 
called the Battalion of Baltimore and Washington Volun- 
teers, and was placed under the command of Lieutenant- 
Colonel William H. Watson, of Baltimore. This battalion 
distinguished itself at the battle of Monterey, where Colonel 
Watson was killed, and throughout its term of service in the 
war. Many other Marylanders served with personal dis- 
tinction and not a few of them met their death in the war 
with Mexico, which ended February 2, 1848. 

Society and Manners. Social life in the United States 
during the early part of the nineteenth century was in many 
ways very curious, and if we are to believe the accounts 
given by some of the visitors from Europe, our manners 
were as bad as they could possibly be. While the States 
were yet colonies of Great Britain there were, as we have 
seen, marked distinctions between the different classes of 
people ; distinctions very much like those in England. 
There were a number of Englishmen of rank and title in the 
colonies, and very many of the planters belonged to aristo- 
cratic and noble families of the mother country. 

Disappearance of Class Distinctions » But with independ- 
ence and the establishment of the Republic all titles of 
nobility were done away with, and the distinctions of class 
began rapidly to disappear. " Republican simplicity," as it 
was called, began to replace aristocratic state. Much of 
this so-called simplicity was assumed as a political means to 
" catch the votes " and support of the mass of the people, 



154 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 




AFTER THE WAR WITH ENGLAND. 155 

but more of it was truly felt by those who believed in the 
equaUty of all men and wanted to put their beliefs into 
practice. A new country is necessarily rougher and simpler 
in its life and habits than an old one, and vast regions of 
the United States were at that time little more than a 
wilderness. But even in the older States along the Atlantic 
the people had much the same faults as in the newer West. 
Improvement soon came, however, and we of the present 
can hardly believe what we read of the manners of these 
earlier days. 

Description of an Evening Party. Let us look at some of 
these pictures of what we were. One visitor to this country 
says, that when people met together at an evening party, 
the " women herded together in one part of the room, and 
the men at the other. The gentlemen spit, talk of elections 
and the price of produce, and spit again. The ladies look at 
each other's dresses till they know every pin by heart . . . 
and talk of new pills for dyspepsia till 'tea ' is announced," 
when they take " more tea, coffee, hot cake and custard, hoe 
cake, johnny cake, waffle cake and dodger cake, pickled 
peaches, and preserved cucumbers, ham, turkey, hung beef, 
apple sauce, and pickled oysters than ever were prepared in 
any other country of the known world."* 

At the Theatre. At the theatres, this visitor says, the men 
wore their hats, and many of them sat in their shirt sleeves 
wdth their heels higher than their heads. She cannot praise 
even such actors as Edwin Forrest and the elder Booth. 
Doubtless Mrs. Trollope was prejudiced, but such an ugly pic- 
ture could not be painted if there were not some truth in it. 

Maryland was not so bad as other parts of the country. 
Mrs. Trollope, after a great deal of fault-finding with the 

* Mrs. TroUope, in " Domestic Manners of the Americans." 



156 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

inns and people she met on her journey from New Orleans 
to Cincinnati, says, on reaching Maryland : " Luckily for us, 
the inn at Hagerstown was one of the most comfortable I ever 
entered. . . . Instead of being scolded, as we were in Cincin- 
nati, for asking for a private sitting-room, we here had two, 
without asking at all. The waiter summoned us to breakfast, 
dinner, and tea, which we found prepared with abundance, 
and even elegance. The master of the house met us at the 
door of the eating-room, and after asking if we washed for 
anything not on the table, retired." Continuing her journey 
through the State, she says : " As we advanced towards Balti- 
more, the look of cultivation increased, the fences wore an 
air of greater neatness, the houses began to look like the 
abodes of competence and comfort." She calls Baltimore a 
beautiful city, and speaks of her pleasant visit of a fortnight 
there. She went to mass in the Cathedral, where she was 
'' perfectly astonished at the beauty and splendid appearance 
of the ladies who filled it. Excepting on a very brilliant 
Sunday at the Tuileries, I never saw so showy a display of 
morning costumes, and I think I never saw anywhere so 
many beautiful women at one glance." 

Both Mrs. Trollope, who visited Baltimore in 1830, and 
another English woman "* who visited the city ten years earlier, 
speak of the clean, broad streets, the fountains, and the neat 
red brick houses with their shining knockers and white 
marble trimmings. Still another visitor t who came to Balti- 
more in 1834, speaks with especial delight of the children 
she met there. And so, if American manners were bad in 
those days, we have at least some satisfaction in knowing 
that those who came here from Europe found Maryland 

* Frances Wright, "Views of Society and Manners in America." 
t Harriet Martineau, " Society in America." 



AFTER THE WAR WITH ENGLAND. 157 

better than many other parts of the country. But not in 
every respect. 

A Journey from Philadelphia to Baltimore. Another Eng- 
lish traveler *, in describing his journey from Philadelphia to 
Baltimore, says that he was there " brought in close contact 
with tobacco-chewing, to an extent that is positively disgust- 
ing." He adds, thus contradicting Mrs. Trollope, that it is 
only in public places that this spitting prevails, and that " it 
has not been permitted to invade the sanctuary of private 
society," and that he "never yet saw anyone, in the presence 
of ladies, violate with the practice the decorum of a drawing- 
room." 

In his journey, Mr. Mackay at length reached the Susque- 
hanna River, over which the passengers were ferried from 
one railroad to the other in a steamboat, and where he was 
struck with the beauty of the scenery. The train sped on 
and he arrived at Canton, which he describes as a suburb of 
Baltimore, and a " melancholy instance of misguided enter- 
prise " where "the streets are all nicely laid out, paved, and 
macadamized ; and where you have everything to make a 
fine town but the houses." As the train rolled into the sta- 
tion at Baltimore " it was like Pandemonium let loose," on 
account of the colored men touting for the hotels to which 
they belonged. 

" Barnum's, gen'lemen — Barnum's — now for Barnum's — 
only house in town — rest all sham — skin but no 'possum 
— yhaw, yhaw — Barnum's, Barnum's!" '"Cause Eagle 
eaten all de 'pcssum up, and left nuffin but de skin — de 
Ragle's de house, gen'lemen — hurra for de Eagle ! " 

It is no wonder that the poor English travelers thought 
this a strange country. 

* Alexander Mackay, " The Western World ; or, Travels in the 
United States in 1S46-47." 



158 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND, 



Mr. Mackay went to " Barnum^s " and " found the hotel 
, , , one of the most admirably managed establishments 
of the kind on the continent." He speaks of the line har- 
bor of the city, " crowded with shipping," of the Baltimore 
Clippers, and of the city's large foreign and Western 
trade. Baltimore Street was, he says, " one of the finest 

streets in the Union," 
and the Baltimore women 
were finer still. He had 
never seen " in so large 
a population . . . so 
small a proportion of un- 
attractive faces," and 
" this characteristic ex- 
tends more or less to the 
whole State of Mary- 
land." 

Mr. Mackay left Bal- 
timore for Washington 
on the "late night-train," 
and when about ten miles 
from Washington discov- 
ered for the first time 
what a " cow-ketcher " 
was. The train was 
brought to a stop by 
running into a cow on the track, and our inquiring English- 
man walked to the front of the engine where he 'made his 
discovery. 

Country Life. In Maryland during the first half of the 
nineteenth century social life in one respect resembled that 
of earlier days : it was not entirely a society of towns and 
cities as in the more northern States. While much of the 




EDGAR ALLAN POE. 



AFTER THE WAR WITH ENGLAND. 159 

social life was centered in Baltimore and Annapolis, on the 
other hand quite as much of it was in the country between 
the families of those who owned large plantations, and was, 
with greater freedom and more open hospitality, not unlike 
country life in England. 

Edgar Allan Poe. One Maryland name of eminence be- 
longs to this period. Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston 
in 1809, and died at Baltimore in 1849. His father was a 
Baltimorean of an old and prominent family, and he himself 
was one of the most gifted writers America has produced. 
His life and character were somewhat erratic, but his tales, 
and even more his poetry, stamp him as a man of genius. 
In 1875 a monument was erected to him in Baltimore by the 
teachers and pupils of the public schools. 

One of the chief faults of Americans in those years, if we 
are to believe what foreign visitors wrote about them, was 
their boastfulness about their country, its resources, and its 
institutions. But its material resources were in fact almost 
greater than any boast; and when we consider that the 
Americans were just beginning to see the success of what 
was, perhaps, the greatest experiment in government that the 
world had ever seen, it is not strange that their pride in this 
success led to frank and open talk about it. This peculi- 
arity is not so noticeable in the Marylander as in the New 
Englander or the Western man : he is more apt to boast of 
his State than of his country. 

Many duels were fought in America in these years, and a 
Marylander of renown lost his life in one. Commodore 
Stephen Decatur was killed in 1820, near Bladensburg, by 
Commodore James Barron, in a duel which grew out of the 
affair between the Chesapeake and the Leopard. 



160 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

TOPICAL ANALYSIS. 
I. Political Parties. 

1. Name the chief points of difference between the Federalist and 

the RepubUcan parties. 

2. Does the latter mean the present Republican party ? 

3. How were the two parties distributed geographically ? 

4. What became of the Federalist party ? 

H. Reforms in the State Government. 

1. What is meant by " minority rule" ? 

2. The growth of population and wealth made the old allotment 

of representatives unfair. 

3. Baltimore City and county, and Annapolis entitled to more 

representatives. 

4. The Governor and Senators not elected directly by the people. 

5. Failure in 181 8 of efforts to correct the evils ; why ? 

6. Failure again in 1836 ; why ? The effect of Presidential on State 

elections. 

7. Compare the minority rule in Connecticut to-day on account of 

township representation. 

8. Public opinion brings about the reforms. 

9. The refoiTus were : 

{a) Direct election of the Governor and of Senators, one from 
each county and one from Baltimore City. 

{/)) The number of delegates from each county proportional 
to its population. 

(t) The number of delegates from Baltimore City equal to the 
number from the county of largest population. 
10. The enfranchisement of the Jews, 1S25. 

III. Public Improvements and the Indebtedness of the State. 

1. Large amounts subscribed by the State to canals and railroads. 

2. Explain that the State could get money for this purpose only by 

taxation of the citizens or by borrowing. In fact, 

3. The State borrowed the money and issued bonds. 

4. These subscriptions were thought to be a good business invest- 

ment, because it was thought the dividends received from 
the companies would be large as compared with the interest 
the State would have to pay on its bonds. 



AFTER THE WAR WITH ENGLAND. IGl 

HI. PuRLic Improvements and the Indebtedness of the 
. State {continued). 

5. What was the amount of interest on these bonds, and how was 

it to be raised ? 

6. Were the taxes paid willingly ? 

7. Suspension of interest payments, 1842. 

8. Resumption of interest payments, 1848. 

9. Thomas G. Pratt and George Peabody ; what valuable service 

did they render to the State ? 
10. Tell what you know about the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. 

IV. First Railroad in Maryland. 

1. Tell about the construction of the first railroad in Maryland. 

2. What was the motive power at first? When was steam first 

used ? 

3. Tell about the first electric telegraph line in the United States. 

V. Manners and Customs. 

1. What causes led to the disappearance of class distinctions? 

2. A new country necessarily rougher and simpler in habits and 

manners than one long settled. 

3. How does Mrs. Trollope describe American manners in 1830? 

4. What was the appearance of Baltimore City at that date? 

5. Country life in Maryland. 

6. What excuse or reason had Americans for their boastf ulness ? 

7. Duels; the death of Decatur. 

(See the State Constitution, Art, III, Sec. 41.) 

8. Tell what you know about Edgar Allan Poe. 

VI. The War with Mexico. 

1. Caused by what ? 

2. Name some battles won by the United States. 

3. Name some Marylanders who won distinction in this war. 



CHAPTER XI. 

NEW POLITICAL PARTIES— THE SLAVERY QUESTION. 

New Political Parties — The Know-nothings. The period 
after the war with Mexico was marked by the rise of several 
new political parties. Not that they came into being all at 
once ; in fact, they had been gradually forming ; but at 
about this time they became more or less prominent. Of 
these the Free-soil, or Anti-slavery party, was by far the 
most important, and we shall have more to say of it later. 
Another was the American, or as it is oftener called, the 
Know-nothing party. This was a secret political society 
which for a few years had considerable influence on politics 
in Baltimore as well as in other parts of the State, and in the 
whole country. The main object of this party was to exclude 
all foreign-born citizens, and more especially all Catho- 
lics, from any office under the National, State or city govern- 
ments. Its second aim was to change the naturalization laws 
so that the immigrant could not have the rights of citizenship 
until after a long residence of fifteen or twenty years in the 
country. Riots between the Know-nothings and the Irish 
Catholics occurred in many places, both during elections 
and at other times. Such riots occurred in Baltimore at the 
elections which were held in October and November, 1856. 
Muskets even were used, and a number of persons were 
killed. Thomas Swann, the Know-nothing candidate, Avas 
elected Mayor of Baltimore, and the presidential electors of 
this party received a majority of the votes cast. Thus the 
eight electoral votes of Maryland were cast for Millard Fill- 

102 



NEW POLITICAL PARTIES. 1G3 

more, the Know-nothing candidate for President. He re- 
ceived no others, however. Scenes of violence and fraud at 
the elections continued for several years, until at length, in 
i860, the Know-nothing party was defeated by the election 
of all the opposition candidates, headed by George William 
Brown for Mayor, in an election that was quiet and without 
disorder. 

Free-soilers and Abolitionists. A far more important 
party, and one whose doctrines had much more far-reaching 
effects, was the Anti-slavery, or Free-soil party ; of even 
more prominence and importance were the Abolitionists. 
These were not large parties like the Democratic and the Re- 
publican, but they made up in energy what they lacked in 
numbers. They were opposed to the holding of slaves in 
general, and in particular they believed that slavery should 
not be permitted in the new parts of the country that were 
being made into States. For the most part the slaves were 
owned in the South ; although there were some in almost all 
the States, and at first a few even in New England. Their 
number was so much greater in the Southern States because 
in that portion of the country the soil was rich and fertile, 
and adapted to the raising of crops, such as rice, sugar, and 
cotton, to which slave labor is suited ; while in New England 
the soil is more sterile. Then, too, in the South large plan- 
tations were owned by a single man ; while in the North 
each farm was so small that a man and his sons, with per- 
haps the help of a '' hired man " or two, could do all the 
work upon it. 

Maryland Classed with the Southern States. In the divi- 
sion of the country Maryland is usually placed among the 
Southern States, with those south of Mason and Dixon's 
line, and on the whole her interests and sympathies were 
probably more with the South than with the North. 



164 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

Her People Divided on the Question of Slavery. There 
were many slaves and slave-owners in the State, but on the 
other hand there was a large Puritan element in the popula- 
tion whose sympathies were more or less with the North. 
Moreover, there were many later settlers in the northern and 
western counties, many of them industrious and thrifty Ger- 
mans, holding smaller farms, and accustomed, man, woman, 
and child, to do their own work. These also were anti-slav- 
ery in feeling. Thus the State which lies on the border be- 
tween North and South was divided in feeling, sympathy 
and interests on the matters of difference between the two 
sections. 

Negro Slaves in Maryland. The first negroes were brought 
to Maryland shortly after the settlement of the colony. Their 
number was small until the early years of the eighteenth 
century, when the importation of them increased rapidly, so 
that by 17 12, when the white population numbered about 
thirty-eight thousand, there were more than eight thousand 
negroes. These slaves came for the most part from Africa, 
and at first were brought in British vessels. Later the trade 
was carried on largely by New England merchants. A ves- 
sel would bring molasses from Jamaica to one of the 
Northern towns; the molasses would there be made into 
rum, which in turn would go to Africa to buy slaves ; and 
the slaves thus bought would be carried to Jamaica or to the 
ports of the Southern States. As early as the year 1695 the 
Assembly laid a tax of ten shillings on every negro brought 
into the colony ; and this tax was afterwards increased until, 
in 17 16, it amounted to forty shillings a head. These taxes 
were laid for revenue rather than for the purpose of discour- 
aging the importation of slaves. In 1780, however, the tax 
was raised to five hundred pounds, which was so high as 
virtually to prohibit the trade. This was done because the 



NEW POLITICAL PARTIES. 165- 

people had begun to think that there were already more than 
enough slaves in the State, and because the feeling that 
slavery was wrong was beginning to gain ground. 

The Importation of Slaves Forbidden, 1783. Three years 
later an Act was passed forbidding altogether the further 
introduction of slaves. 

When the convention to form a new Constitution for the 
United States met in 1787, Luther Martin, a delegate from 
Maryland, proposed, but without success, that it be made a 
part of the Constitution that no more slaves should be 
brought into the country. It was finally agreed as a com- 
promise that the importation of slaves should not be pro- 
hibited by the Federal Government until the year 1808, and 
that meanwhile each State should regulate slavery as it 
saw fit. 

Slaves in Maryland were as a rule treated with kindness, 
and their ill-treatment was punished. It was not forbidden 
by law to teach them to read and write, as it was in some 
other States, but not very many of them were so taught. 
Frederick Douglass when a boy was taught to read by his 
mistress, a Baltimore lady. As early as the year 1789 a 
society was formed in Maryland having for its object the 
abolition of slavery ; and such men as Charles Carroll of 
Carrollton and Roger Brooke Taney, among others of promi- 
nence, agreed in their opinions as to the evils of slavery and 
the desire for its abolition. The Friends or Quakers were 
active in their efforts to have slavery abolished. The South- 
ern Abolitionists thought that the slaves were not fit to be 
set free without preparation. The slaves had always de- 
pended upon their masters for support, were, for the most 
part, ignorant and helpless, and if they were suddenly freed 
would be unable to provide for themselves. Moreover, 
their masters had paid large sums for them — in the year 



166 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND, 



1859 as much as two thousand dollars was asked for a slave — 
had bought them in good faith expecting to keep them, and 
would be made bankrupt 
or reduced to poverty if 
the slaves were suddenly 
set free without recom- 
pense to their owners. 
The Northern anti-slavery 
societies, on the other 
hand, wanted the slaves 
to be freed at once and in 
any way, without regard 
to the master's rights. 

Fugitive Slaves. It was 
the law that if a slave es- 
caped into a " free State " 
he could be captured and 
returned to his master, 
but it very often happened 
that the people there 
helped him to get away instead of returning him to his 
owner. This was especially the case with slaves owned in 
Maryland, who had only to cross the line into Pennsyl- 
vania to find numbers of persons ready to help them to 
get away. In 185 1, Edward Gorsuch, of Baltimore County, 
his son, and several friends, all armed and having a war- 
rant got in Philadelphia, went to Lancaster County, Penn- 
sylvania, in search of two slaves who had escaped three 
years before. The searchers broke into the house where the 
fugitives were hidden, but did not succeed in taking them, 
as a mob of about a hundred men, armed with guns, axes, 
and clubs, had been called together by the sounding of a 
horn as a signal. After some parley shots were fired, and 




ROGER BROOKE TANEY. 

From an engraving in the possession o/ the 

3Iaryland Historical Society. 



NEW POLITICAL PARTIES. 167 

in the fight which followed, Gorsuch was killed and his son 
wounded. By order of the President search was made for 
the fugitive slaves, but they had escaped. Several persons 
were arrested and tried for taking part in the riot, but all 
were acquitted. Public opinion in the free States was so 
strong against the fugitive slave law that it could not be 
enforced, and such occurrences as this made very bitter feel- 
ing in the South, 

Free Negroes. Many efforts were made to reduce the 
number of free negroes in Maryland. Beginning with the 
year 183 1, the State appropriated large sums to send them 
to the colony of Liberia. The movement met with little 
success, however, as the negroes did not wish to go. In the 
twenty years to 185 1, only one thousand and eleven were 
colonized in Africa, and this at a cost of two hundred and 
ninety-eight thousand dollars. Many slaves had been man- 
umitted by their masters, so that the number of slaves in 
the State had greatly diminished, while the number of free 
negroes had greatly increased. In i860, there were almost 
as many free negroes as there were slaves.* This decrease 
in the number of slaves was partly due to the fact that many 
of them were sold into the more southern States. In 18 10, 
when the number of slaves was greatest, there were about 
ten slaves to every twenty-four free persons; while in i860 
there were only ten slaves to about sixty-nine free persons. 

The Abolitionist Merged in the Republican Party. At first 
the Abolitionists did not form any political party, but in 1840 
they organized as the Liberty party. From that time on 
their efforts were directed to uniting all the people of the 
North into a political party pledged to destroy slavery in all 
the States. Before long they were merged into the Repub- 

* See Appendix B, p. 302, following. 



168 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

lican party which took up their watchword of "no slavery." 
The election of Lincoln to the presidency by the Republican 
party in i860, caused great excitement, and some of the 
Southern States at once began to prepare for secession. In 
Maryland Lincoln had received only 2,294 votes out of a total 
of 92,441, and the electoral vote of the State was cast against 
him. Nevertheless, although Maryland sympathized with 
the South, she was strongly opposed to all violence, had 
always been for moderation in the dissensions between the 
two sections, and believed that the Union should be pre- 
served. 

Maryland Does not Secede. When, at the end of the year 
i860. South Carolina seceded, and was followed in the course 
of some months by ten other Southern States, Maryland, 
though asked to do so, would not join with them. Many 
persons in the State favored, many were opposed to, seces- 
sion. The Governor, Thomas H. Hicks, was a loyal Union 
man, and as he said in his message at this time, believed 
" that the only safety of Maryland lies in preserving a neutral 
position between our brethren of the North and of the 
South." The Legislature passed no ordinance of secession, 
and did not call a convention of the voters to decide the 
question, and thus the State remained in the Union. It is 
fortunate for Maryland that she did not secede. If she had, 
it is probable that, being a border State, much of the fight- 
ing during the war which followed secession would have been 
within her borders; and she would have been desolated, 
impoverished and laid waste, as Virginia actually was. 

Immigration and Mechanical Inventions. While the slavery 
question was uppermost in men's minds during the decades 
before the war of secession, we must not get the idea that 
it constitutes the whole history of the period. Even in the 
most exciting times the ordinary affairs of life must go on ; 



NEW FOLITICAL PARTIES. 169 

men must labor, business must be conducted, and the routine 
of life's work and pleasure continue. Two of the most 
striking features of this period were the enormous growth in 
population due to immigration, and the equally large increase 
in material welfare. It was a time of mechanical inventions : 
the harvesting machine, the breech-loading firearm, the sew- 
ing machine, the steam fire-engine, the Atlantic cable, all 
belong to this period; and the growth of material welfare 
was largely due to inventions of this kind. But it was more 
especially due to the use of steam in manufactures and rail- 
roads. While this quiet progress is often overshadowed by 
more stirring events, it is of lasting importance and must 
not be forgotten. 

TOPICAL ANALYSIS. - 

I. Political Parties. 

1. The American or Know-nothing party. 

{a) Was a secret society. 

(d) What were its tw^o chief objects ? 
(t) Riots caused by, in Bahimore. 
{(/) Overthrow in i860. 

2. Abolitionists. 

(a) Opposed to slavery in general. 

{l>) Opposed to the extension of slavery into new States and 

Territories. 
{c) Not a political party at first. 
(</) Organized as the Liberty party in 1840. 

(e) Merged into the Republican party. 

II. The Slavery Question. 

1. Slaves owned for the most part in the South. 

2. Why was this the case ? 

(a) Nature of the soil. 
{d) Nature of the crops. 
{c) Size of the plantations. 

3. Maryland classed with the slave States, 

4. The people divided on the question. 



170 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

II. The Slavery Question {coii/i/iued). 

5. Slaves in Maryland almost from the first settlement. 

6. The number small until early in the eighteenth century. 

7. Describe how the slave trade was carried on. Molasses, rum 

and slaves. 

8. Tax laid on imported slaves by the State. 

{a) At first for revenue. 

(J)) Later as a preventive measure. 

{c) Becomes prohibitory in 1780 (;i^500 per head). 

9. Importation of slaves into Maryland forbidden, 1783. 

10. The Federal government prohibits their importation after 1808. 

11. Slaves not ill-treated in Maryland. 

12. A few were educated. 

13. Prominent men opposed to slavery; Luther Martin, Charles 

Carroll, Roger B. Taney. 

14. The Quakers in general opposed to slavery. 

15. Southern Abolitionists ; how did their views differ from those of 

the Northern Abolitionists } 

16. Fugitive .slaves. -* 

{a) What was the law concerning them .'' 
{b) The feeling in the free States as to the law ? 
{c) As an illustration of the feeling, relate the case of Edward 
Gorsuch. 

17. Free negroes. 

{it) What was the object of the colony of Liberia.^ 
{b) Where is Liberia ? 
(r) Why was the colony unsuccessful .-' 
{d) The increase of the number of free negroes. 
{e) Compare the ratio of slaves to free persons in 18 10 with 
that in i860. 

III. Secession. 

1. Maryland opposed to violent measures. 

2. Does not join the seceding States. 

3. The people divided on the question. 

4. Why was it well that Maryland did not secede ? 

IV. Mechanical Inventions. 

1. What mechanical inventions appeared during this period.-* 

2. The growth of population from immigration. 

3. Material prosperity. 



CHAPTER XII. 

POLITICS IN MARYLAND, I86l TO 1864. 

Riots of April 19 in Baltimore. The Civil War began with 
the firing on Fort Sumter, on April 12, 186 1. In Maryland, 
as in the rest of the country, there was great excitement, 
and in Baltimore the ill-feeling between the Northern and 
Southern factions ran especially high. A number of men 
raised a Confederate flag on Federal Hill and were about to 
fire a salute of a hundred guns, when they w^ere driven away 
and their flag was torn down. More serious disturbances 
soon followed. On April 19 a force of about two thousand 
P'ederal troops, consisting of the Sixth Massachusetts Regi- 
ment and volunteers from Philadelphia, arrived in Baltimore 
on their way to Washington. They had to pass through the 
city from one railroad station to the other, their route being 
along Pratt Street. Nine carloads of the Massachusetts 
troops drawn by horses passed without hindrance ; but the 
tenth car, being accidentally stopped, was stoned by the 
mob which had gathered, and was driven back to President 
Street Station. The mob next proceeded to blockade the 
car tracks. It was then decided that the remaining troops 
should go on foot to Camden Station. As they moved along 
they were followed and hustled by the mob, now grow^n to 
about two thousand in number. Presently someone threw 
a paving stone which knocked down one of the Massachu- 
setts soldiers. He was set upon and beaten. The troops 
began to run, but the crowd followed, and stoned them until, 
unable to bear it longer, they halted and fired, killing and 

171 



172 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 



wounding several persons. The police did what they could 
to protect the troops, but the rioting continued all along the 
march until at length the soldiers got away on their train to 
Washington. The Philadelphia volunteers were sent back 
to Philadelphia the same day. 

Federal Troops Stationed in the City. While this resistance 
to the passage of Northern troops through Baltimore was 
made, not by the city nor by the State, but by an unorgan- 
ized mob, yet it showed clearly that the sympathies of many 




VIEW OF BATTERY, FORT McHENRY, IN 1900. 



of the Marylanders were with the South. To avoid further 
conflicts of this kind, for some weeks no more troops were 
marched through the city on their way from the North. 
However, on May 13, General B. F. Butler took possession 
of Fort Federal Hill, and from that time until the end of the 
war there were always Federal troops stationed at Baltimore. 
General Butler issued a proclamation forbidding anyone to 
send supplies to the South, and forbidding that military organ- 
izations should assemble ; nor would he permit any secession 



POLITICS IN MARYLAND, 1861 TO 1804. 173 

flags or emblems to be shown. A number of other forts were 
built around th^ city at this time and later, and part of the 
earthworks of one of them, called " Number Five," can be 
seen just within the Madison Avenue entrance to Druid Hill 
Park. A strong body of troops was posted at the Relay 
House on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, Fort McHenry 
was strongly garrisoned, and Annapolis was taken posses- 
sion of. 

The Federal Government, by building forts, stationing 
troops and holding the railroads in the State, placed Mary- 
land under a sort of military occupation, and to this the peo- 
ple objected. Commissioners were sent to Washington to 
consult wdth President Lincoln, who agreed wdth them that 
as Maryland had not left the Union she ought not to be sub- 
jected to such occupation. He said, however, that the dis- 
turbances in Baltimore and the strong secession feeling 
shown by large numbers of the people made it necessary for 
the Federal Government to take the steps it had taken in 
self-defence. 

Arbitrary Arrests. The military rule soon became stronger 
and more arbitrary. Members of the Legislature, editors of 
newspapers, judges and private citizens were arrested, 
charged with treason, and thrown into prison by order of 
the military authorities without any process of law and with- 
out any trial. Among others, John Merryman, a citizen of 
Baltimore County, was arrested on a charge of treason and 
imprisoned in Fort McHenry, where General Cadwallader 
was in command. Immediately Chief Justice Taney issued 
a writ of habeas corpus. This was the legal way of asking 
why Merryman had been arrested. It meant that General 
Cadwallader must come before the court and show by what 
right he kept Merryman imprisoned when no charges had 
been made against him legally. 



174 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

Suspension of the Act of Habeas Corpus. General Cad- 
wallader not only refused to come before the court in 
answer to the summons, but also said that he was author- 
ized by President Lincoln to suspend the Act of Habeas 
Corpus in cases where persons were accused of treason. 
Chief Justice Taney, in an opinion on this case which he 
gave soon afterwards, showed that under the Constitution 
the President has no right to suspend the Act of Habeas 
Corpus ; only Congress can do so. 

This occurred in May, and in June General N. P. Banks, 
of Massachusetts, was appointed to the command of the 
Department of Annapolis, with headquarters at Baltimore. 
A few days after taking command he issued a proclama- 
tion in which he accused members of the police department 
of conspiring to resist the Federal Government and to aid 
the Confederates with arms and supplies. He said further 
that Colonel George P. Kane, the marshal of police, was 
believed to know of this conspiracy. Marshal Kane was 
arrested and taken to Fort McHenry, and Colonel John R. 
Kenly, of the First Regiment of Maryland volunteers, was 
appointed provost-marshal in charge of the police depart- 
ment The Legislature had protested against the arbitrary 
arrest of citizens of Maryland ; and now the Police Com- 
missioners, with the Mayor of Baltimore, protested against 
the arrest of Kane and the assumption of a part of the 
State Government by men appointed by Federal authority. 
The Commissioners, with the exception of Mayor Brown, in 
their turn were arrested and sent to Fort McHenry on 
July I. They had no redress in the courts because the 
grand jury adjourned without bringing any charge against 
them, and though they demanded of Congress and the 
President the reasons for their arrest and imprisonment 
none w^ere given. Four weeks later they were carried to 



POLITICS IN MARYLAND, 1S()1 TO 1.S64. 



175 



Fort Lafayette in New York harbor, and afterwards to Fort 
Warren in Boston harbor. 

Fears that Maryland would Secede. The Federal authori- 
ties were very much afraid that Maryland would secede. 
They dreaded this, not only because it would take another 
State from the Union and encourage the Confederacy, but 
also on account of the disheartening effect it would have on 
the people of the North. Annapolis being occupied by 
Federal troops, the Maryland Legislature had been meeting 
in Frederick. It had adjourned to meet again on Septem- 
ber 17, but before it met the Secretary of War had ordered 
the arrest of any or all of its members, in order to prevent 




LAZARETTO LIGHTHOUSE, BALTIMORE HARBOR. 

the passage of an Act of Secession. As a result of this 
order, ten members-elect of the Legislature, the Mayor of 
Baltimore, a member of Congress and two editors were 
arrested. These prisoners, with others arrested at the same 
time, were sent to Fort Lafayette and to Fort Warren. 

Federal Authorities Interfere in the State Elections. In 
the election of November of the same year, 1861, for Gov- 
ernor, members of the Legislature and various other officers, 
the President and his advisers were determined that the 
Union party candidates should be elected. This was in 
order that no vote of secession should be passed, and that 



176 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

no aid should be given to the South by the State. Soldiers 
were placed at the polls, and many arrests were made, and 
many who sympathized with the cause of the South were 
not allowed to vote. The Union candidates were elected, 
and Augustus W. Bradford was inaugurated Governor at 
Annapolis on January 8, 1862. 

To be sure, there is another side to the question. The 
votes which the Federal Government aimed to suppress were 
those of persons, as it was said, " in rebellion," or aiding 
" rebels " ; as " rebels " they lost their political rights. But 
if the State had a right to secede, these persons had a right 
to vote for secession, so that we are brought back to the 
question : Had the States a right to leave the Union ? No 
amount of argument could settle this question, and in the 
end it was settled by a terrible w^ar. After all, it is very 
doubtful if secession would have carried the day in Mary- 
land even if the Federal Government had not interfered. 

The new Assembly, when it met in March, passed a set 
of resolutions in which it was declared that the State would, 
support the Federal Government in a war carried on to 
bring back the seceding States into the Union with the 
same rights under the Constitution that they had always 
had. It was also declared that the war ought not to be 
fought for the purpose of doing away with slavery. Thus 
even the Union sympathizers in Maryland were not in favor 
of " abolition," and passed this resolution because Congress 
was discussing the question of abolishing slavery in the 
District of Columbia. When, in April, 1862, a law was 
passed setting free the slaves in the District, only one 
Maryland member in either branch of Congress voted in 
favor of the bill. 

Petty Restrictions. During the year 1862 the people 
were still harassed by the military government of the State. 



POLITICS IN MARYLAND, 1801 TO 18G4. 177 

Men, and even women, were arrested and imprisoned with- 
out trial. No one was allowed to have in his possession 
the likeness of any Confederate leader, and even the wear- 
ing of certain colors — red and white without the blue — 
subjected people to suspicion and annoyance. The churches 
were compelled to display the American flag, no one was 
allowed to publish or sell any secession music, and orders 
were given to seize all pictures of Confederate generals and 
statesmen that should be found in the shops. The Federal 
Government certainly tried in every way to keep the seces- 
sion feeling from spreading in Maryland or showing itself 
openly. The feeling of sympathy with the South was there, 
however, and showed itself, to a great extent, in the sending 
of money and supplies for the use of the Confederate sol- 
diers. Many a cartload of goods left Baltimore in the dark- 
ness of night, ran the blockade of the Federal lines, and 
arrived at last on the southern side of the Potomac. It is 
true that the people of Maryland, many of them, brought 
trouble on themselves by aiding the Confederate cause in 
every way that they could. On the other hand, it must be 
remembered that Maryland was not a seceding State, that 
many of her people were Union sympathizers, and that 
many of them were neutral ; that is, taking neither side. 
Moreover, if anyone did wrong and was to be punished, it 
should have been by due process of law. 

Dangers from the Arbitrary Use of Power. The Presi- 
dent of the United States has certain powers given him by 
the Constitution which he can and should exercise. But 
when he does acts for which no power is given him, when 
he assumes arbitrary powers, either in peace or war, he 
ought to be closely watched and called to account by all the 
people, those who suffer by his acts and those who do 
not alike. For nothing is more dangerous to a republic 



178 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

than that those put in power should exceed, even though 
it be in httle, the authority given them. If they do it in 
little they are tempted to do it in much ; and a nation may 
be carried into evil war and foolish extravagance, into 
injustice at home and abroad, by those elected, that is, 
picked out by the people, for the purpose of watching and 
guarding the nation's welfare. In Congress, and in the 
newspapers throughout the country, protests were made 
against these arbitrary arrests. Secretary Seward was 
held responsible for the policy, and justly so ; for Lincoln 
respected the Constitution and violated it only in the ex- 
tremest need. Early in the year 1862 he ordered the 
release of all political prisoners who would give their 
word not to aid the enemies of the Union. 

The Emancipation Proclamation. We have seen that Con- 
gress abolished slavery in the District of Columbia in 1862, 
In June of the same year slavery was abolished in the Ter- 
ritories : and on September 22, 1862, President Lincoln 
warned the seceding States that unless they should return 
to the Union he would declare the slaves in those States 
to be free. Finally, as no heed w^as given to this procla- 
mation, he issued on January i, 1863, his Emancipation 
Proclamation freeing all slaves throughout those States 
which had joined the Confederacy. This did not apply to 
slave States, such as Maryland, which remained in the 
Union. However, the anti-slavery feeling was rapidly gain- 
ing ground in Maryland, and in the elections of 1863 the 
extreme Union party made the setting free of the slaves in 
the State the issue of the campaign. They were completely 
successful, electing nearly all of their candidates. The elec- 
tion was under military control, and officers of the Federal 
Army were at every poll. 

Election Frauds. In some places the tickets of the 



POLITICS IN MARYLAND, 18G1 TO 1864. 179 

party which favored emancipation were printed on paper 
of a different color from the others ; and Governor Brad- 
ford, in his message to the Legislature in January, 1864, 
says : " In one district . . . the military officer took his 
stand at the polls before they were opened, declaring that 
none but ' the yellow ticket ' should be voted, and excluded 
all others throughout the day." 

Constitutional Convention of 1864. Early in the first 
session of the new Legislature a bill was passed authoriz- 
ing the holding of an election, in April, 1864, in which the 
people were to vote " aye " or " no " on the question of hold- 
ing a convention to frame a new Constitution for the 
State. The election resulted in favor of the " ayes," many 
of those who would have opposed the convention not be- 
ing allowed to vote. 

Important Changes in the Constitution — Slavery Abol- 
ished. The Convention was accordingly held, and adopted 
a new Declaration of Rights and Constitution for the 
State, which differed from that of 185 1 particularly in 
two respects : * First, it was declared that the Constitu- 
tion and laws of the United States were above those of 
the separate States, and must be obeyed by all citizens, 
even if they contradicted State Laws; and secondly, that 
slavery should no longer exist in the State. In the Con- 
stitution it was further declared that, in future, no one 
who had borne arms against the United States, or who 
had aided the Confederate cause in any way, should have 
the right to vote or hold office in the State until after he 
had entered the military service of the United States and 
been honorably discharged, or else had been restored to 
citizenship by Act of the General Assembly. Before any 

* See Appendix C, p. 306, following. 



180 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 



person could vote he might be made to take what was 
called an "ironclad " oath * that he had never aided those 
who were fighting against the United States, or even ex- 
pressed a desire that they should triumph. 

A Part of the Constitution Goes into Effect Before it is 
Voted on. After the Constitution had been framed it had 
to be voted on by the people before it became the law of 

the State. It contained one 
very remarkable provision, 
namely, that those who 
were going to vote on the 
question as to whether it 
should be adopted or not, 
could only do so under the 
regulations of this new 
Constitution, and by taking 
its prescribed oath. Thus, 
before it became a law, it 
was to regulate the votes of 
those who were to decide 
whether it was to become a 
law or not. Furthermore, it 
was provided that the votes 
of soldiers serving in the 
Federal Army outside of 
the State should be taken on the question of adopting the 
New Constitution. Three of the most distinguished lawyers 
of Maryland, Reverdy Johnson, Thomas S. Alexander, and 
William Schley, declared that these two last-named provis- 
ions were contrary to the Constitution nnd contrary to law. 
Nevertheless the elections were held in the way prescribed, 
with the following result : 




REVERDY JOHNSON. 



* See Appendix C, p. 306, following. 



POLITICS IN MARYLAND, 1801 TO 1804. 181 

For. Against. 

Vote in the State 27,541 29,536 

Soldiers' vote 2,633 263 

1'otal 30'i74 29,799 

The New Constitution Adopted. This gave a majority 
in favor of the new Constitution of only 375 votes, and if 
the " soldiers' vote " had not been counted, the Constitution 
would have been rejected by a majority of 1,995. The 
number of slaves set free by this new law was between 
eighty and ninety thousand, and their value has been esti- 
mated at over thirty millions of dollars. 

Summary of the States Position. This is the story of 
Maryland during the War of Secession, a story pleasant 
neither to tell nor to hear. On the questions at issue, the 
people of the State were divided. On the question of sla- 
very, a majority of the people probably sympathized with 
the South ; but, on the other hand, probably a majority of 
the people were opposed to secession. The number of 
slaves in the State was decreasing, and most of the people 
believed that slavery should be gradually done away with ; 
but, on the other hand, they were opposed to emancipation 
all at once and without payment to the slave-owners. Speak- 
ing generally, of the counties on the Western Shore, the 
northwesterly ones, beginning with Carroll County, were in 
sympathy with the North, while the northern, central and 
southern counties were in sympathy with the Confederacy. 
On the Eastern shore a majority of the people favored sla- 
very and the Confederacy. In the election held in Novem- 
ber, 1864, Lincoln, the Republican candidate for President, 
received, counting the absent soldiers' vote, 40,171 votes, 
while McClellan, the Democratic candidate, received 32,739. 
In Baltimore city the vote was: Lincoln, 14,984; McClellan, 



182 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

2,953. ^^ ^^ bear in mind that many citizens were dis- 
qualified because they were known to be in sympathy with 
the South, and that many others were absent fighting in the 
Confederate Army, it will be seen that the State was very 
nearly exactly divided in opinion. 



TOPICAL ANALYSIS. 

I. The Baltimore Riots. 

1. Caused by the passage of Federal troops. 

2. Describe the riots. 

3. Opposition was made by the mob and not by the government. 

4. The rioting occasioned the stationing of troops at Bahimore. 

II. Military Occupation of the State. 

1. Objected to by the citizens. 

2. A measure of self-defense by the Federal government. 

3. The military rule becomes oppressive. 

4. Arbitrary arrests ; relate the case of John Merryman. 

5. What is a writ of Jiabeas corpus ? 

6. The Act of Habeas Corpus suspended in certain cases ; by 

whom ? 

7. Was this constitutional ? Why not ? 

8. The police department of the State assumed by the Federal 

government. 

9. Fears of Maryland's secession the cause. 

10. Why was the secession of Maryland dreaded? 

1 1. What measures were taken to prevent the possible secession ? 
T2. Federal interference in the elections of 1861. 

-'^ {a) Made in order to elect Union candidates. 

{b) To prevent a vote of secession. 

{c) Southern sympathizers arrested and not allowed to vote. 
{d) The votes suppressed were those of " rebels," so-called. 
[e) How was the question as to the right of secession settled ? 

13, The State government ready to support a war for the Union, 

but not a war for abolition. 

14. Petty annoyances of the military government. 



POLITICS IN MARYLAND, 18G1 TO 1864. 183 

III. The Arbitrary Use of Power. 

1. The punishment of wrong-doers should be by law and not 

arbitrary. 

2. Secretary Seward responsible for the policy of the Federal 

government in Maryland. 
3- The release of political prisoners ordered by Lincoln. 

IV. The CoNSTiTUTioNAi, Convention of 1S64. 

1. The Act authorizing the convention passed by a Legislature 

that was fraudulently elected. 

2. Emancipation of the slaves was the crucial question. 

3. Provisions of the new Constitution. 

(a) The Constitution and laws of the United States declared 

supreme. 
(d) Slavery abolished. 
(<:-) Political disqualification of those who had aided the 

Confederacy in any way. 

4. A constitution becomes a law only after being ratified by a 

majority vote of the citizens. 

5. What two provisions of the Constitution were pronounced un- 

constitutional ? 

(a) One of its provisions was to take effect before it was 

ratified. 
(d) The absent soldier's vote. 

V. Summary of Maryland's Position in the War of Secession. 

1. Give a summary of Maryland's position on the questions in- 

volved in the war of secession. 

2. Roughly divide the State geographically according to the views 

of the people on these questions. 



CHAPTER XIII 



THE CIVIL WAR. 

Maryland Troops on Both Sides. There were Maryland 
soldiers on both sides in the War of Secession. In the Rev- 
olutionary War we 
have seen the whole 
country united 
against a common 
enemy, but now we 
must view the piti- 
ful sight of the 
Marylander fight- 
ing, friend against 
friend, brother 
against brother, 
our only consola- 
tion being that 
each was doing 
what he thought 
was his duty in 
fighting for what he 
considered the just 
cause. As early as 
1861 the Fi-rst 
Maryland Regi- 
ment, commanded 
by Colonel John 
R. Kenly, left Baltimore to join the Federal Army; and 




CUNFEDKRATE MONUMENT, MOUNT 
ROYAL AVENUE, BALTIMORE. 



184 



THE CIVIL WAR. 



185 



in the same year Bradley T. Johnson, of Frederick, enlisted a 
company of soldiers for the Confederate service and marched 
them into Virginia. Here they were soon joined by other 
Maryland companies and organized into a battalion ; but a 
battalion without arms, food or clothing. They of course 
could not receive arms from their own State to fight against 
the Union to which she belonged, and Virginia had not 
enough to supply her own 
soldiers. In this emer- 
gency Mrs. Johnson deter- 
mined to ask aid of North 
Carolina, her native State. 
Avoiding the Federal lines 
she journeyed to Raleigh, 
and in ten days returned 
to her husband's camp 
with five hundred rifles, 
ten thousand cartridws, 
and thirty-five hundred 
caps, besides blankets, 
camp kettles, axes, and 
such things. The men 
were then organized into 
the First Maryland Regi- 
ment, under Colonel Ar- 
nold Elzey, and Bradley T. 
Johnson was made major. 

The First Maryland Regiment against the First Maryland 
Regiment. Both of these " First Maryland " regiments soon 
distinguished themselves, and, oddly enough, in fighting 
against each other. In the spring of 1862 General Banks of 
the Union Army was at Strasburg, and " Stonewall " Jackson 
formed a plan to capture his force. To do this he sent a 




JOHN R. KENLY. 



186 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

part of his army to capture the Federal force stationed at 
Front Royal, in order that he might get to the rear of 
General Banks and take him by surprise. The force at 
Front Royal consisted of nine companies of the First 
Maryland Regiment under Colonel Kenly, with four other 
companies from other regiments. Jackson ordered the First 
Maryland Regiment (Confederate) under Bradley T. Johnson, 
now advanced to Colonel, to join a Louisiana battalion and 
attack the guard in the town. When the attack began, 
Colonel Kenly at once sent off a messenger to General 
Banks to warn him of his danger. Then, after a fight of 
two hours, he succeeded in checking the Confederate forces 
until, being attacked on the flank, he attempted to cross 
the Shenandoah River and burn the bridge behind him. 
At the first movement he made, the Confederates charged 
and drove him over the bridge, but Colonel Kenly fought 
every step of the way until darkness came. Then he was 
compelled to surrender, but Jackson's force had been held 
in check so long that Banks was in safety. 

The Maryland Brigade of the Federal Army Organized. 
There was much dissatisfaction among the Maryland soldiers 
of both the Union and Confederate armies, because they were 
placed in different commands and not grouped together into 
a Maryland brigade. There were more than twenty thou- 
sand Maryland soldiers in the Southern army, but so scat- 
tered about, that, though their bravery and devotion were 
duly acknowledged, the State received little credit for it. In 
the Federal Army the different Maryland regiments were 
separated, for one reason, because of the distrust the Northern 
people felt towards the troops of the State, a distrust the 
injustice of which was shown by their conduct throughout 
the war. At length, in the autumn of the year 1862, five 
Maryland Union regiments, together with a battery of light 



THE CIVIL WAR. 



187 



j^^^^ 



artillery, were formed into the Maryland Brigade, under 
the command of John R. Kenly, who had been made a 
brigadier-general '' for gallant conduct at the battle of Front 
Royal." 

Lee Invades Maryland, September, 1862. At the end of the 
year 1862, General Lee determined to carry the war into 
Federal territory. He had to provide food for his army and 
forage for his horses dur- , — --^ 

ing the coming winter, ^.'- x 

and northern Virginia was 
so laid waste that nothing 
was to be had there for 
man or beast. He wanted 
also to give Maryland the 
opportunity to declare for 
the Confederacy if, as 
many people said, she 
really wished to do so. 
Another of his objects 
was to destroy the Penn- 
sylvania Railroad bridge 
over the Susquehanna 
River, so that the con- 
nection between the East- 




BRADLEY T. JUHNSON. 



ern and Western States might be broken. Therefore, in 
September, he crossed the Potomac to " deliver Maryland 
and invade Pennsylvania." The wagons of his army were 
empty, the clothing of his soldiers was in rags, and thousands 
of them were without shoes ; but all this discomfort was for- 
got, by the Maryland troops at least, when they once more 
entered their beloved State. Hats were tossed up, some 
wept, some kissed the ground, the bands played and the 
soldiers sang '' Maryland, My Maryland," till the air rang. 



188 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 



As the army marched on to Frederick intense excitement 
spread throughout the State. The soldiers were orderly 

and all that was taken, 
whether food, clothing or 
other supplies, was paid 
for — to be sure, for the 
most part in Confederate 
paper money which after- 
wards became worthless. 
Very few supplies were 
obtained. 

Coldly Received by the 
People of Western Mary- 
land. In a region where 
there were so many Union 
people no very open wel- 
come could be given by 
those who sympathized 
with the invaders, but 
much good-will was shown quietly and silently. It was 
"Stonewall" Jackson's entry into the town of Frederick at 
this time that gave rise to the story on which Whittier's poem, 
" Barbara Frietchie," is founded. The story has no truth in 
it except that as the soldiers were passing through, a woman, 
not Barbara Frietchie, waved a Union flag, to which Jackson 
-paid no attention. The coldness with which Lee's army 
was received was in great contrast with the welcome given to 
McClellan when he entered Frederick a week later. He 
wrote : " I was nearly overwhelmed and pulled to pieces. . . . 
As to flowers, — they came in crowds!" Lee's cavalry rode 
everywhere in search of forage and provisions, and all sorts 
of rumors were spread as to their movements. One of these 
was to the effect that Baltimore was to be attacked, and there- 




HARRY GILMORE. 



THE CIVIL WAR. 



189 



fore, at Governor Bradford's ca 
militia to defend the 
city. However, these 
preparations were 
found to be needless. 
The Battle of Antie- 
tarn. The first inva- 
sion of Mar3dand 
ended with Lee's re- 
treat into Virginia 
after the battles of 
South Mountain and 
Antietam, fought near 
Sharpsburg in Wash- 
ington County. The 
battle of Antietam 
(September 17, 1862) 
was one of the seve- 
rest of the war. One 
hundred and fifty 
thousand men were 
engaged in it, on both 
sides, and the loss was 
more than twenty-five 
thousand. A visitor 
to the field soon after 
the battle says, " We 
reached a wood, every 
tree pierced with shot 
or cut with bullets, 
and came to the little 
brick Dunker church 
on the turnpike. . . . 



the citizens organized into 




ANTIETAM MONUMENT IN WASHING- 
TON COUNTY. 

A hundred round shot have pierced 



190 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

its walls, while bullets by thousands have scarred and bat- 
tered it." And a little beyond, in "a narrow country 
lane ... in the length of five hundred feet, I counted 
more than two hundred of their (Confederate) dead." 

The Second Invasion of Maryland, 1863. A second invasion 
of the State by the Confederates began nearly a year later, 
in the summer of 1863. Lee fought his way northward, 
concealing the end he had in view, until in the latter part 
of June he arrived in the western part of Maryland, and 
the Federal authorities realized that the invasion of the 
North had really come. The Confederate Army advanced 
into Pennsylvania, where, on the first three days of July was 
fought the battle of Gettysburg, in which the Confederates 
were defeated. After this defeat Lee retreated to Virginia 
again, and the hopes of the Southern sympathizers in Mary- 
land were dead. Enormous numbers of wounded from both 
armies were left in the State, and everyone helped to nurse 
and care for them. Fifty thousand dollars was raised in 
Baltimore for their use. 

The Third Invasion of Maryland, July, 1864. A third time 
during the war was Maryland invaded. Li July, 1864, 
General Early entered the western part of the State. A 
portion of his force, the cavalry, took possession of Hagers- 
town. 

Hagerstown and Frederick have to Pay Ransom. Their com- 
mander. General John McCausland, demanded of the inhab- 
itants twenty thousand dollars to be paid within three hours, 
besides fifteen hundred suits of clothes, fifteen hundred hats, 
fifteen hundred pairs of shoes, fifteen hundred shirts, nine- 
teen hundred pairs of drawers, and fifteen hundred pairs of 
socks, which he gave them four hours to collect. He threat- 
ened to burn the town if the money and goods were not de- 
livered. The twenty thousand dollars was paid, but though 



THE CIVIL WAR 



191 




192 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

he gave them two hours extra in which to collect the cloth- 
ing, the unfortunate inhabitants could gather together only a 
few hundred of each article, and with these General McCaus- 
land had to be satisfied. Frederick also was ransomed for 
the sum of two hundred thousand dollars. Bodies of Con- 
federate cavalry rode in all directions, burning bridges, cut- 
ting telegraph wires, capturing railroad trains and carrying 
off horses. One small party, under Colonel Harry Gilmore, 
of Baltimore, came within five miles of Baltimore on Charles 
Street Avenue and burned the country house of Governor 
Bradford ; the house of Postmaster-General Montgomery 
Blair at Silver Spring also was burned. Many places near 
Baltimore were visited by them : Towson, Reisterstown, 
Mount Washington, the Relay and others, but received very 
little hurt. As a result of these raids Baltimore was cut off 
from the rest of the country except by water, and there was 
great uncertainty in the city as to what was happening, but 
in a few days the excitement was over. 

The End of the War. The war dragged on for a few 
more weary months until General Lee surrendered what was 
left of his army to General Grant at Appomattox Court 
House, on April 9, 1865. To the very end, even when the 
soldiers from the States farther south were deserting from 
Lee's army by the hundred, the Maryland troops stood by 
him faithfully. The war was over, and had cost the 
country more than half a million lives on both sides. 
Slavery was abolished for the good, in the end, of the slaves 
themselves, their masters, and the whole country ; and, 
moreover, the principle was established that the States 
could not secede, that they were parts of a great whole, a 
nation that could not be divided. It had also been shown 
that the American people were as patriotic as in the days of 
the Revolution ; shown on both sides, for the men, women 



THE CIVIL WAR. 193 

and children of the South were as patriotic and suffered as 
much for their " States " as those of the North did for their 
" Union." But the cost was terrible. As President Lincoln 
said in his second inaugural address : " Neither party ex- 
pected for the war the magnitude or the duration which 
it has already attained. . . . Each looked for an easier 
triumph, and a result less fundamental and astounding. . . . 
The prayers of both could not be answered. That of 
neither has been answered fully." And, " with malice 
towards none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right, 
as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish 
the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds ... to 
do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting 
peace among ourselves and with all nations." 



TOPICAL ANALYSIS. 

I. The Civil War. 

1. Name some Marylanders who served in the Union Army; in 

the Confederate Army. 

2. Tell about the action at Front Royal between the two First Mary- 

land regiments. 

3. What caused the delay in organizing the Maryland Brigade in 

the Union Army ? 

4. When was it organized.? Who commanded it ? 

II. Confederate Invasions of Maryland. 

1. What led to the first invasion ? 

2. What was the condition of the invading army? 

3. Into what part of the State did it penetrate.? 

4. How was it received by the people ? Why ? 

5. The battle of Antietam. 

6. The second invasion also in Western Maryland. 

7. Tell about the State's preparation for defense. 

8. The battle of Gettysburg ends the second invasion. 

9. The third invasion by General Early. 



194 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 



II. Confederate Invasions of Maryland {^continued). 

10. This also in the western part of the State. 

11. Tell about General McCausland and the ransom of Hagerstown 

and Frederick. 

12. Give some account of the raids of the Confederate cavalry. 

13. What was the conduct of the Maryland troops under Lee .^ 

III. Results of the War. 

1. Establishment of the Union. 

2. Abolition of slavery. 

3. The question as to the right of the States to secede decided 

negatively. 



W^F" 




chaptp:r XIV. 

THE POLITICAL HISTORY OF MARYLAND SINCE I865. 

Lincoln Assassinated. Five days after the surrender of 
General Lee the whole country was shocked by the assassi- 
nation of the President. Whether we approve his acts or 
not, whether we agree with or differ from his political views, 
we cannot but feel respect and admiration for a man of such 
uprightness and nobility of character. It is with shame and 
reo-ret that we acknowledge that Lincoln's murderer was a 
Marylander. John Wilkes Booth* was born in Harford 
County in 1839. His act was that of a man carried away 
by sectional passion and he alone must bear the blame 
for it. 

Factional Feeling in Maryland Continues. Although the 
war was ended, ill-feeling between the two factions did not 
cease. In Baltimore the City Council passed a resolution 
asking: General Lew Wallace, who was then Commander of 
this department, to close certain churches founded by 
Southern sympathizers who had withdrawn from the Metho- 
dist Church. At another time it passed resolutions against 
the presence in the State of Confederate soldiers who had 
returned to their homes. These latter were in an unfortu- 
nate position, for the Attorney-General had given it as his 
opinion that by the terms of Lee's surrender those soldiers 
who were from non-seceding States could not return to them, 

* For an account of the capture and death of Booth, see the Cen- 
tury Magazine of April, 1896, in the article, " Four Lincoln Conspira- 
cies," by Victor L. Mason. 

195 



196 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

but must remain south of the Potomac. General Wallace 
accordingly ordered that all Confederate officers, soldiers 
and citizens who returned to his department in Maryland, 
should be arrested and held until the government at Wash- 
ington should decide what to do with them. A number 
were arrested in accordance with this order and were sent 
into Northern States, where curiously enough the ill-feeling 
towards them was not so strong. Wilkes Booth, after the 
murder of Lincoln, had escaped through southern Mary- 
land and had been concealed, willingly or unwillingly, by 
several persons there. This is doubtless one reason why 
Prince George's, Charles and St. Mary's Counties were gar- 
risoned with over five thousand United States troops, and 
why orders were given that no person there should be 
" allowed to engage in any occupation, trade, or profession 
without taking an unconditional oath of allegiance." How- 
ever, the State remained under military control only for a 
short time, until January, 1866. 

The Registration Act of 1865. We have seen that large 
numbers of the citizens of Maryland had been disfran- 
chised by the Constitution of 1864 on account of their 
sympathy with the South. In 1865 the Legislature passed 
an Act to regulate the registration of the voters of the State. 
Officers of registration were to be appointed by the Gov- 
ernor, three for each ward of the city of Baltimore, and 
three for each election district in the counties, to "register 
the names of all free white male persons " entitled to 
vote. Three officers w^ere also appointed to register the 
names of all Maryland soldiers and sailors in the service of 
the United States, who were not too far away to be con- 
veniently reached. Any person who wished to be registered 
had not only to take the " oath of allegiance," but might be 
made to answer under oath any questions that might be put 



POLITICAL HISTORY OF MARYLAND SINCE 1865. 197 

to him regarding his right to vote. Among these questions 
were fourteen as to whether the person had in any way- 
helped or sympathized witli the Confederate States, or had 
failed to express sympathy with the United States. In this 
way all those who did not belong to the party in power could 
be kept from voting, and large numbers were so treated. 

Minority Rule for a Second Time. In the city of Baltimore 
out of some forty thousand voters, only ten thousand were 
registered ; and in the entire State, out of ninety-five thou- 
sand voters, only thirty-five thousand were registered. Again 
in the history of the State a minority was governing the 
majority.* 

Political Status of the Negroes, and of Southern Sympathi- 
zers. In addition to this matter of the disfranchisement of 
many of the citizens, there was another which was receiving 
the attention of the people : namely, the political condition 
of the colored people since they had been set free. The 
newspapers took up these questions, the people discussed 
them, and in the summer of 1865, a mass-meeting was held 
in Howard County, at which Montgomery Blair and other 
prominent men spoke in strong terms against the Registration 
Act. In January, 1866, a meeting was held in Baltimore, at 
which it was resolved that delegates should be elected 
throughout the State to a convention to be held at Baltimore 
for the purpose of devising the best plan to remedy the evils. 
There was some opposition to the movement. Governor 
Swann, for instance, while he acknowledged that a minority 
was governing the State, said that, nevertheless, all the 
'* loyal citizens " were in that minority, and advised that no 
change be made in the law. The convention met at Balti- 
more on January 24, and the resolutions it passed, together 

* See ante, p. 146, 



198 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

with a petition containing twenty thousand signatures, were 
laid before the General Assembly. The Assembly, in spite 
of this, declared that the registration law ought not to be in- 
terfered with, but on the contrary ought to be '' vigorously 
enforced." Public opinion, however, was strongly in favor 
of changing the election laws, and in consequence of this the 
newly appointed officers of registration were much more 
liberal in applying the Registration Act than the former ones 
had been. None the less, in the election of October, 1866, 
for Mayor of Baltimore, only about eight thousand votes were 
cast, and that in a city of two hundred and fifty thousand 
inhabitants. At the election the Police Commissioners had 
appointed as judges and clerks of election, and special 
police, only persons belonging to their own political party. 
In other ways they had disobeyed the law of elections, so 
that thousands of citizens signed a petition asking Governor 
Swann to remove them from office. The Governor examined 
the evidence against them, found them guilty, and dismissed 
them. They refused to give up their office and had the 
newly appointed Commissioners arrested, but when the mat- 
ter came before the courts, it was decided in favor of the new 
Commissioners. This was one step in the direction of elec- 
tion reform. The next step was taken by the people in the 
November elections of the same year. 

The Reform Movement Successful, 1866. For although 
every effort was made to elect the radical Union candidates, 
and although there was much fraud practiced and many 
citizens were not allowed to vote, nevertheless the Conser- 
vatives, those in favor of repealing the Registration Act, 
carried the State. They elected Oden Bowie Governor, and 
a two-thirds majority in both branches of the Legislature. 
Thus again the State threw off the shackles of minority 
rule. 



POLITICAL HISTORY OF MARYLAND SINCE 1865. 199 




■^.^IHrall 



200 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 



As soon as the Legislature was organized, it set about un- 
doing the injustice caused by the laws passed during the 
war period. In January, 1867, it passed an Act restoring 
the rights of citizenship to those from whom these rights 
had been taken, only requiring them to take oath that they 
would bear " true faith and allegiance to the United States, 
and support the Constitution and laws thereof as the supreme 
law of the land."* 

The contest in this last election had been between two 




BUILDING OF THE NAVAL ACADEMY, ANNAPOLIS. 

divisions of the Union or Republican party ; the Radicals, 
those who still wished to keep all Southern sympathizers 
from voting, being defeated by the more liberal Unionists, 
who called themselves " Conservatives." The Democrats as 
a party had no candidates in the field, but joined the liberal 
wing of the Unionists and called themselves " Democratic 

* Compare this with the " irpn-clad " oath given in Appendix C, 
p. 306. 



POLITICAL HISTORY OF MARYLAND SINCE 1865. 201 

Conservatives." The struggle between the two divisions of 
the Unionists was very bitter, and the defeated Radicals tried 
to get help from the Federal government. The Washington 
authorities ordered investigations to be made in some of the 
election districts of the State, but nothing came of it. So 
bitter was the feeling at the time that it was even moved in 
the National House of Representatives that the Naval 




liM A »^uivik£.kLAND coal mine. 

Academy be removed from Annapolis to some place in a 
" loyal " State. 

The Present State Constitution Adopted, 1867. In May, 
1867, a convention was held at Annapolis which drew up a 
new Constitution for the State, and in September of that 
year the people accepted the new Constitution by a vote of 
47,152 in its favor, and 23,036 against it. This Constitu- 
tion, with some amendments, is still in force, and, as 
amended, consists of a Declaration of Rights, and the Con- 



202 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 




POLITICAL HISTORY OF MARYLAND SINCE 1865. 203 

stitution proper. The former declares the general rights of 
the people of the State m their government, and their indi- 
vidual rights to life, liberty, freedom of worship and of speech. 
The Constitution and laws of the United States are made 
the supreme law, but the State reserves to itself all powers 
not specifically delegated to the United States nor prohibited 
to the States. The latter part declares the form and details 
of the government. The executive power is vested in a 
Governor, elected by the people for four years. To be 
eligible to the office of Governor a person must be not less 
than thirty years of age. The Governor appoints a number 
of important officials, and also minor officials whose appoint- 
ment is not otherwise provided for. This is usually to be 
done " by and with the advice and consent of the Senate." 
The Governor is Commander-in-Chief of the land and naval 
forces of the State ; he convenes the Legislature in special 
session, and has the right of veto. The Governor appoints a 
Secretary of State, who keeps the official records and has the 
custody of the great seal. 

The Legislature, called the General Assembly of Mary- 
land, consists of two branches, the Senate and the House of 
Delegates. Each county elects one Senator, the city of Bal- 
timore four. The number of Delegates from each county is 
in proportion to its population, and the city of Baltimore 
elects four times as many as the most populous county. 
Senators and Delegates are elected by the people. The 
regular sessions of the Assembly are biennial ; that is, occur- 
ring once in two years. 

An Attorney-General, the legal adviser of the State, and a 
Comptroller of the Treasury, who superintends the fiscal or 
money affairs of the State, are elected by the people. There 
is a State Treasurer, a State's Attorney in each county and 
in Baltimore City, a State Superintendent of Education, and 
other important officials. 



204 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

The State is divided into eight judicial districts, called cir- 
cuits, with a chief and two associate judges for each, except 
in the case of Baltimore City (the Eighth Circuit), which has 
a special system of courts. The highest court in the State, 
the Court of Appeals, is composed of the Chief Judges of 
the first seven circuits and a judge, specially elected, from 
the city of Baltimore. One of these is named by the Gover- 
nor as Chief Judge. 

Political Elections in the State. In 1870 the colored men 
of Maryland voted for the first time.* The elections passed 
off quietly, with a very large vote, although the Federal 
Government supervised them ; that is, had its officers at all 
of the polls to see that the negroes were not driven away, or 
frightened into not voting. This election resulted in a vic- 
tory for the Democrats, as did all the following elections 
until the year 1895. In that, and the three years after, the 
political position of the State was reversed. In 1895 a 
Republican Governor was elected, in 1896 the State "went 
Republican " in the Presidential election, in 1897 a Repub- 
lican Comptroller was elected, and in 1898 four Republican 
and two Democratic Representatives to Congress. Thus 
the entire State Government was made up of Republicans, 
and that party had also a majority of members in the State 
Legislature. We have the remarkable spectacle, then, of a 
State which for twenty-five years always gave Democratic 
majorities, turning in the course of two or three years com- 
pletely to the other party. One cause of this is not far to 
seek. The adoption of a " free silver " platform by the 
Democratic party in 1896 undoubtedly caused a large num- 
ber of Democrats in Maryland, as in other States, to vote 
for Mr. McKinley. Moreover, in the city of Baltimore there 

* See ante, p. 91. There seem to have been a few cases of free 
negroes voting in the first years after Maryland became a State, 



POLITICAL HISTORY OF MARYLAND SINCE 1865. 205 

is a large number of independent voters who do not belong 
either to the Democratic or to the Republican party. They 
vote sometimes with one, sometimes with the other, and 
sometimes for candidates of their own choosing, thinking in 
this way to act as a check on both political parties and to 
aid in the election of the best candidates possible. 

In the elections of 1899 the State returned to the Demo- 
cratic ranks. In that year Governor John Walter Smith was 
elected by the Democratic party. The Democrats had also 




TOWER OF FORT SEVERN. 
Noiv iised as the Naval A cadenty Gymnasium. 

a majority in each house of the State Legislature (1900). 
Again, in 1903, a Democratic Governor, Edwin Warfield, 
was elected. 

Ballot Reforms. An important change in the election laws 
of the State was made in the year 1890, when the "Austra- 
lian ballot " system was adopted. In the old system the 
voting tickets of the different political parties were printed 
on separate slips of paper, and the agents of these parties 
would stand along the street near the polls offering their 



206 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

tickets to everyone wno came to vote ; and we have seen 
that in one election, at least, tickets of a special color 
were used by one party. In the new system the govern- 
ment prints the names of all the candidates together on one 
large sheet, sometimes called a "blanket" or "folder," and 
all the tickets are in charge of an officer of election who 
gives one out to each voter. The voter on receiving his 
ticket goes to a little stall where no one can overlook him, 
and marks the names of those candidates for whom he 
wishes to vote. He then folds up his ticket again and it is 
put into the ballot-box folded, so that no one can see for 
whom he is voting. It is a much better system than the 
old, and prevents a great deal of fraud and dishonesty in 
the elections. 

Another important ballot law was passed by the Assembly 
in special session in 1901, By its terms an educational test 
is applied ; that is, no one can vote who is unable to read. 
Formerly one who could not read might take someone with 
him into the voting booth to assist him ; now, such an " illit- 
erate " cannot vote at all. The names of all candidates are 
printed in alphabetical order, and no party emblems, pic- 
tures to show to which political party a candidate belongs, 
appear on the ballot. Other changes tending to honesty in 
the elections were made. In 1902, by a primary election 
law similar to the law of 1901, primary elections, that is, 
those held by the political parties to nominate or name their 
candidates, were put virtually upon the same footing as the 
general elections. These laws are in line with the election 
laws of the most progressive States of the Union. In the 
session of 1902 were passed also a compulsory school attend- 
ance law, and a law providing a pension fund for teachers 
in the public and normal schools. The former applies to 
Baltimore City and Allegany County only. Under it chil- 



POLITICAL HISTORY OF MARYLAND SINCE 1865. 207 

dren between eight and twelve years of age are compelled to 
attend school, and there are other provisions regulating 
child labor. 

TOPICAL ANALYSIS. 

I. Political Factions. 

1. Ill-feeling towards Southern sympathizers. 

(a) Because of Lincoln's murder. 

(d) Especially marked in what portion of the country ? 

2. What was the status of the discharged Confederate soldiers ? 

3. What was the Registration Act of 1865 ? 

4. What was the nature of the cjuestions it empowered the regis- 

tration officer to ask ? 

5. Explain how it led to minority rule in the State. 

6. Public opinion forces the registration officers to interpret the 

law more liberally. 

7. How was the election law disobeyed in 1S66? 

8. How were the evils corrected ? 

(a) By the dismissal of the guilty PoHce Commissioners. 

(<5) By the vote of the people in the elections of November, 

1866. 
(c) By an Act of the Legislature then elected. 

II. A New State Constitution. 

1. Ratified in 1867. 

2. Negroes vote for the first time in 1870. 

3. The secret ballot introduced, 1890. 

4. Explain the method of voting under the old system ; under the 

new. 

5. Describe the ballot law of 1901. 

6. Describe the Primary Election Act of 1902. 

It is suggested that at this point the class read the Constitution of 
Maryland, and that the teacher explain the meaning of the several 
clauses. It is probably not desirable that a class of young children 
make a study of the whole Constitution, and the following selections 
are suggested as embodying the portions most important for such 
students. 

Declaration of Rights, All the Articles. Compare Article ^6 with 
the first Toleration Act (p. 30 of the History). 



208 



HISTORY- OF MARYLAND. 



II. A New State Constitution (co„t,«„.</). 

Constitution. Article I, Sections i, 2, 3, 6- Article TT S. ,■ 
8, 9, .0, ,; (as aMended), ,5; Article U s'ecto f , .' ItT '' '" 
.. ; Article IV, Section , ; Article XI, Sections ,. '' ' ' '' '°' 

coiiVui:r;^^.;e^r,:n:^rT °v'^ r '"-"' ^« '--'-■^ 
n>a/gai„a\.,L.„ri:d:7of:.t:et:it'""'^" "-' "- -■'" 




TMf CAuViRT COAT ©f M^J 



CHAPTER XV. 



INSTITUTIONS AND SCHOOLS. 

Many Institutions Founded in the Second Half of the Nine- 
teenth Century. The years following the Civil War were 
marked by the foundation of a number of institutions in 
Maryland. The corner-stone of the Peabody Institute in 
Baltimore was laid as early 
as April i6, 1859, but the 
building was not finally com- 
pleted until 1879. George 
Peabody, the founder, was 
born in Massachusetts, but 
lived for some time in Balti- 
more. The Institute was 
endowed by him with the 
sum of $1,400,000, and con- 
tains, in addition to a very 
valuable library, an art mu- 
seum, a conservatory of mu- 
sic, and lecture halls where 
courses of free public lect- 
ures are given. Another 
foundation is the McDonogh 
Institute, which was es- 

t;\blished by John McDonogh, a Baltimorean by birth, who 
on his death in 1850 left a large part of his fortune, about 
^750,000, to found a school in Maryland. Owing to law- 
suits over the property, however, the school was not opened 

209 




GEORGE PEABODY. 

From a /laiitti'ig in the Peabody Institute. 



210 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 



until 1873. It is situated on an estate of eight hundred 
acres within a few miles of Baltimore, and on this estate the 
boys learn practical and scientific farming in addition to 
the subjects usually taught in schools. The endowment has 
increased in value, until now it is worth more than a million 
dollars. Another school founded by the liberality of an 




THE PEABODY INSTITUTE, BALTIMORE. 

individual is the Tome Institute at Port Deposit, which was 
opened in 1894. This school was endowed by the Hon. 
Jacob Tome, originally, with $957,750, but the endowment 
has since increased to $3,000,000. It is intended to embrace 
all grades of schools, beginning with the kindergarten. A 
sanitarium where sick children, especially young babies, of 



INSTITUTIONS AND SCHOOLS. 



211 



the poor can be taken out of the hot city in the summer and 
receive careful treatment and nursing, was founded by 
Thomas Wilson in 1882. He bequeathed half a million 




THE ENOCH PRATT FREE LIBRARY, BALTIMORE. 

dollars for the purpose, and the sanitarium was built on a 
farm of one hundred and seventy acres within a short dis- 
tance of Baltimore. On January 21, 1882, Enoch Pratt, of 
Baltimore, offered that city the sum of $833,333.33, i" addi- 



212 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 



tion to buildings to cost $225,000 to found a free public 
library, on condition that the city appropriate a perpetual 
fund of $50,000 a year for the support of the library. The 
gift was promptly accepted, and the library, known as the 
Enoch Pratt Free Library of Baltimore, was formally opened 
January 4, 1886. Enoch Pratt, like George Peabody, was 

born in Massachusetts, but 
removed to Baltimore while 
still a young man. 

On February 22, 1876, 
the Johns Hopkins Univer- 
sity was formally opened in 
Baltimore. The founder, 
Johns Hopkins, was born 
in Anne Arundel County. 
As a merchant and banker 
in Baltimore he grew very 
wealthy, and with his wealth 
he determined to found a 
university and a hospital. 
On his death he left to the 
University his country 
place, " Clifton," of over 
three hundred acres, and a 
fund of three million dollars. To the Hospital he gave thir- 
teen acres of land in Baltimore City as a site, and in addition 
about two million dollars. Since the year 1893 the Johns 
Hopkins Hospital has formed a part of the Medical School 
of the University which was opened in that year. Miss 
Mary Garrett, of Baltimore, contributed liberally to the fund 
for founding the Medical School, on the condition that women 
should be admitted to its courses of study on the same terms 
as men. Dr. Daniel C. Oilman was selected by the trustees 




JOHNS HOPKINS. 

From a Paititifig- in the President's Office at 
the University. 



INSTITUTIONS AND SCHOOLS. 



213 



as president of the University, a position which he occupied 
until the year 190 1, when he resigned and was succeeded by 
Professor Ira Remsen. To Dr. Gihnan's efforts and abiHty 
were largely due the successful organization of the Univer- 
sity and its successful management. The fund left to the 
University by its founder consisted for the most part of 
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad stock, and when, about the 
year 1890, the railroad ceased to pay dividends on its stock, 
the income of the University was cut off. Twice the citizens 




BIRD'S EYE VIEW OF JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY. 

of Baltimore raised liberal sums to pay the expenses of the 
University ; but this was only temporary relief, and at length, 
in 1898, the Legislature voted to give the University the 
sum of fifty thousand dollars a year for two years. Thus 
Maryland followed the example of so many of her sister 
States in giving aid to the great University within her bord- 
ers. In the year 1901 William Keyser, William Wyman, 
and other public-spirited citizens made a gift to the Univer- 
sity of a tract of land valued at one million dollars, on con- 
dition that the University raise another million for the 
erection and maintenance of buildings. Afterwards, when 



214 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 



it was thought that this condition could not be comphed 
with, it was removed. By 1902, however, the additional 
million dollars was raised. 

Older Institutions. A much older institution is St. John's 
College, at Annapolis, which was chartered in 1785 and be- 
gan its work in 1789. The older King William's School was 
merged in it at the time of its foundation. Three years 
earlier, in 1782, near Chestertown, on the Eastern Shore, 
was founded Washington College, and these two colleges to- 




JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL, BALTIMORE. 



gether were to constitute the University of Maryland. This 
University existed in name until 1805, when the State dis- 
continued its regular grants to the two colleges. The old 
charter was never repealed, but the University simply died 
out. The two separate colleges still flourished, however, 
and have since received aid from the State. There is also 
at present the University of Maryland, chartered by the 
State Legislature in 1807, and consisting of schools of law 
and medicine, in which many of the foremost lawyers and 



INSTITUTIONS AND SCHOOLS. 



215 



physicians of the State have received their professional 
education. 

The Maryland Institute for the Promotion of the Mechanic 
Arts, dating from 1825, owes its foundation to John H. B. 
Latrobe, who first suggested the idea of forming a mechanics' 
institute in Baltimore. The Institute was incorporated in 




ST. MARY'S FEMALE SEMINARY. 

1850, and work on the building was begun in 185 1. Be- 
sides its use for exhibitions and lectures, the building has 
been the scene of some notable events. Receptions were 
given there to Kossuth in 185 1, and to George Peabody in 
1857 ; the body of Dr. Kane, the Arctic explorer, lay there in 
state : and the first embassy from Japan to this country was 
received there in i860. The hall has been several times 
used for national conventions of different political parties. 



216 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

An important part of the work of the Maryland Institute is 
its art school, iii which are taught drawing, painting, model- 
ing, and sculpture. The number of pupils attending the 
school is nearly a thousand. This was one of the historic 
buildings of Baltimore destroyed in the great fire of 1904. 
The Maryland Historical Society, founded in the year 1844, 
has its headquarters in Baltimore, where it has collected a 
valuable library and many historic relics, manuscripts, and 
pictures of the greatest interest and importance in the his- 
tory of Maryland. Since 1884 it has been, by Act of the 
Legislature, the custodian of the archives of the Province of 
Maryland, twenty-two volumes of which have been published 
under the editorship of Dr. William Hand Browne. The 
Society has published many other valuable historical docu- 
ments from the income of a fund bequeathed for that pur- 
pose by George Peabody. 

Other Schools and Colleges in the State. Maryland has 
the honor of having founded the second agricultural college 
in America. In 1856 the Legislature passed an Act estab- 
lishing the Maryland Agricultural College, where practical 
farming is taught and agricultural experiments are made. 
The college is situated on a farm of over four hundred acres 
in Prince George's County. There are also in the State 
Mount St. Mary's College, at Emmitsburg, founded in 
1808; St. Charles' College, in Howard County, founded 
in 1830 by Charles Carroll of Carrollton ; Frederick College, 
at Frederick, chartered in 1830; New Windsor College, in 
Carroll County, established in 1843 '•> Loyola College, at 
Baltimore, founded in 1852 ; Rock Hill College, near Elli- 
cott City, chartered in 1865 ; Western Maryland College, at 
Westminster, organized in 1867 ; The Woman's College of 
Baltimore, chartered in 1885 ; Morgan College, at Balti- 
more, first organized in 1866, and chartered in 1890; and 



INSTITUTIONS AND SCHOOLS. 217 

also a number of theological seminaries and professional 
schools.* 

The Public School System — Its History. Throughout 
the State are many other schools of high standing ; but espe- 
cially to be mentioned is the excellent system of public 
schools, ranging from the primary and grammar schools to the 
Baltimore City College and the State Normal Schools. The 
first permanent fund for the support of free schools in the 
State was appropriated in the year 1812, and four years later 
nine School Commissioners were appointed for each county 
to distribute this fund and supervise the schools. But the 
present public school system dates from 1825, in which year 
the " Primary School Bill " was passed. In the same year 
the Legislature passed an Act giving the Mayor and City 
Council of Baltimore authority to establish pubhc schools in 
that city, and in 1828 a Board of Commissioners of Public 
Schools was appointed. On September 21, 1829, the first 
public school in Baltimore was opened in the basement of 
the Presbyterian Church, on Eutaw between Saratoga and 
Mulberry Streets. It was in charge of William H. Coffin, 
who was the first public school teacher in Baltimore. One 
week later two more schools were opened, one for boys and 
one for girls, on Bond Street, near Canton Avenue. For 
twenty years the boys' schools were taught only by men, but 
since then women also have been employed, and now the 
greater part of the public school teachers are women. Dur- 
ing the first year there were 269 pupils and three teachers. 
The number of each has increased until, in the year 1902- 
1903, there were in the schools of the State 224,004 pupils 
and 5,036 teachers. In the city of Baltimore there were 



* See the "History of Education in Maryland," by Bernard C. 
Steiner. 



218 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 



66,399 pupils and 1,823 teachers. The school expenditures 
in the State amounted to $2,687,797, and in Baltimore to 
$1,350,000. 

On October 20, 1839, the Male High School — a name 
changed to the Baltimore City College in 1866 — was 
opened. It has proved a school of high standing where 
boys are excellently trained to enter upon business or pro- 




McDOWELL HALL, ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE, ANNAPOLIS. 



fessional life. In 1844 the Eastern and Western Female 
High Schools were established ; they were the first high 
schools for girls only belonging to any public school system. 
A State Normal School was founded by the Legislature in 
1865, for the purpose of educating and training teachers, and 
a second, at Frostburg, was established in 1902. In 1884 a 
school of manual training, afterwards known as the Polytech- 
nic Institute, was added to the public school system of Balti- 
more. In 1867 schools for colored children were added to 



INSTITUTIONS AND SCHOOLS. 



219 



the system, and these now have primary and grammar 
schools and a high school. 

The Public School System. — Its Organization, ^s organ- 
ized under the Public School Law, as amended to the year 
1904, the public school system of the state is under the 
general supervision of the State Board of Education. This 
board is appointed by the Governor for a term of six years, ^ 




THE WOMAN'S COLLEGE, BALTIMORE. 

and at least two of its members must be from the political 
party which at the preceding election for Governor received 
next to the highest number of votes. Members of this 
Board serve without salary. The Governor and the State 
Superintendent of Public Education are ex-officio members of 
the Board. Principals of the State Normal Schools and of 



* Except the first Board, appointed under the law of 1904, two of 
whose members were appointed for two years, two for four years, and 
two for six years. 



220 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 



the normal departments of some other schools are ex-officio 
honorary members of this Board, but with no vote. Educa- 
tional matters in each county are under the control of a 
Board of County School Commissioners, appointed by the 




BALTIMORE CITY COLLEGE. 

Governor for six years* and consisting, in some counties of 
six members, in other counties of three. The same provision 
is made for minority representation on these Boards as on 
the State Board of Education. The counties are subdivided 
into school districts, each of which is supervised by a Board 



* Except the first Board, appointed under the law of 1904. 



INSTITUTIONS AND SCHOOLS. ^21 

of District School Trustees composed of three persons 
appointed by the County School Commissioners. The 
Boards of County School Commissioners have the general 
supervision and control of all schools in their respective 
counties ; they build and repair schoolhouses, purchase 
text-books and appoint all assistant teachers. They elect a 
County Superintendent of Public Education, who serves as 
Secretary and Treasurer of the Board. They make an 
annual report to the State Board of Education. The Dis- 
trict School Trustees appoint a principal teacher, subject to 
confirmation by the Board of County School Commissioners, 
and niust supervise and visit the schools in their district. 
The General Assembly provides the money to furnish free 
tuition and free text-books in all the public schools, and to 
aid in the formation of district and traveling libraries.* 

The public school system of Baltimore City is under the 
control of a body of nine Commissioners appointed by the 
Mayor, and is independent of the State system. In the city 
there is a Superintendent of Public Instruction, with two 
assistants. 

An Early Kindergarten. It is interesting to know that, 
before the days of kindergartens, a school of much the same 
kind was started in Baltimore by a certain Mr. Ibbertson. 
The following account of his school is given by Mrs. Trol- 
lope : "■ We visited the infant school, instituted in this city 
by Mr. Ibbertson, an amiable and intelligent Englishman. . . . 
The children, of whom we saw about a hundred, boys and 
girls, were between eighteen months and six years. The 
apartment was filled with all sorts of instructive and amus- 
ing objects ; a set of Dutch toys, arranged as a cabinet of 
natural history, was excellent ; a numerous collection of large 

* See ante, p. 206, for two laws affecting the public schools, passed 
in 1902. 



222 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

wooden bricks filled one corner of the room, the walls were 
hung with gay papers of different patterns, each representing 
some pretty group of figures ; large and excellent coloured 
engravings of birds and beasts were exhibited in succession 
as the theme of a little lesson ; and the sweet flute of Mr, 
Ibbertson gave tune and time to the prettiest little concert of 
chirping birds that I ever listened to."* Mrs. Trollope 
speaks in the same place of the neatness in dress of the boys 
and girls, and of their bright and well-bred manners; so dif- 
ferent, she says, from the manners of other American 
children. 

TOPICAL ANALYSIS. 

I. Give an Account of Some of the Principal Institutions 

P\)UNDED in Maryland. 

II. Give an Account of the Public School System. 

1. Its history. 

2. Its present organization. 

III. Tell Something About Mr. Ibbertson's School. 



* " Domestic Manners of the Americans." 



^ CHAPTER XVI. 

MARYLAND'S PROGRESS. 

Baltimore Loses Much of its Trade during the War. It is 

a fact which people do not fully realize that war costs money 
as well as human lives. The Civil War left the United States 
with a debt of about three thousand million dollars, but the 




VIEW OF BALTIMORE HARBOR. 

war had cost the country many times that amount. Through- 
out the South, towms, railroads and factories had been de- 
stroyed ; farms and plantations had been laid waste ; and all 
business and industries were dead. During the %var the regu- 
lar trade of Baltimore had been much interfered with ; but, 
on the other hand, the Confederates having blocked the Po- 
tomac River, a very large amount of freight w^as carried to 
Washington over the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. This 
helped to take the place of the trade which was lost. The 

223 



224 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

Federal Government bought supplies in Baltimore, and sent 
vessels there, and to Annapolis, to be repaired and fitted out ; 
so that new trades began to replace the old ones. But the 
condition of business for ten years after the war was bad. 
Trade was depressed, merchants had trouble in borrowing 
money to carry on their business, and one great market for 
the country, the Southern States, was so devastated and im- 
poverished that the people who were left there had very little 
money to spend. They were glad if they could earn a bare 
living. All classes of the people suffered from the bad times ; 




OLD FORT CARROLL, ENTRANCE TO BALTIMORE HARBOR. 

but the suffering fell, as it always does, heaviest on the labor- 
ing classes. 

The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Strike of 1877. Of course, 
when trade is dull the railroads must suffer. They carry 
less freight and earn less money ; and if their income is 
much reduced, they are compelled to pay their employees 
lower wages. In July, 1877, the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
road made a reduction of ten per cent, in the wages of all 
its employees, following in this the example of the other 
great railroads of the country. When they learned this the 



MARYLAND'S TROGRESS. 



226 



brakemen and firemen of the freight trains refused to work, 
and before long the strike had spread to the other employees 
and to other roads. In Baltimore no freight trains either 
went or came. 

Rioting and Bloodshed. There was rioting all along the 
line of the Baltimore and Ohio, and Governor Carroll was 
at length compelled to order the Fifth Maryland Regiment 




THE NARROWS, AT CUMBERLAND. 

to Cumberland, where the riots and disorder were greatest. 
As the Plfth Regiment marched from its armory to Camden 
Station it was met by a mob, which, by the time that the 
corner of Lombard and Eutaw Streets was reached, was no 
longer content to howl and jeer, but attacked the soldiers 
with bricks and stones. At Camden and Eutaw Streets the 
crowd was so thick and resolute that the soldiers could not 



226 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 



go farther, until, with fixed bayonets, they charged through 
the mob into Camden Station. In the meantime three 
companies of the Sixth Regiment, which were also ordered 
out, were trying to make their way to Camden Station. 
The Sixth Regiment Armory was surrounded by a mob of 
two or three thousand men and boys, who attacked the 




POSTOFFICE, BALTIMORE. 



building with bricks and stones. When the three companies 
detailed for duty tried to come out, they were several times 
driven back. At length they fired on the mob, w^hich then 
made way for them. All along the march to Camden 
Station the fighting continued between the mob and the 
soldiers. The disorder was so great that the Governor 



MARYLAND'S PROGRESS. 



227 



ordered the Fifth Regiment to remain in BaUimore. By this 
time the crowd had increased to ten thousand persons. The 
rioters had destroyed several locomotives and cars, and at 
length set fire to Camden Station. Some of the fire engines 
which answered the alarm were driven back by the mob, 
others had their hose cut, but the police succeeded in 
driving the rioters back and the fire was put out. Governor 




THE COURT HOUSE, BALTIMORE. 

Carroll called on the Federal Government for troops, but 
before they could arrive, the mob had been broken up by 
the police. Nevertheless, the President sent some two 
thousand soldiers to Baltimore to act in case of further 
disturbance. The rioters made other attempts on Camden 
Station, but after about two hundred of the worst of them 
had been arrested, the remainder quieted down. The strike 



228 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 



lasted only about a week in Maryland, but during that time 
it had cost the State eighty-five thousand dollars. The 
worst excesses were committed, not by the striking rail- 
road employees, but by tramps, thieves and loafers who 
made the strike an excuse for their own disorder ; and the 




THE CITY HALL, BALTIMORE. 

people, for the most part, were in sympathy with the true 
strikers. 

Since that time the trade, commerce and manufactures 
of Maryland have flourished,* although the State has suf- 
fered with the rest of the country from those periods of 

* See Appendix B, p. 304, following. 



MARYLAND'S PROGRESS. 



229 



business depression, those " hard times " that come at 
intervals to the modern world. 

Baltimore Celebrates its Sesqui-Centennial, 1880. In the 
year 1880, in honor of its being the one hundred and 
fiftieth year since its foundation, Baltimore celebrated its 
sesqui-centennial. From the tenth to the fifteenth of Octo- 
ber the city was in holiday dress ; flags were flying, the 
houses and public buildings were decorated with bright 
colored bunting — gold and black, the Maryland colors, 
predominating — and the streets were thronged with a gay 
crowd of visitors, sightseers and masquers. Thousands of 




ENTRANCE TO DRUID HILL PARK, BALTIMORE. 

merchants with their families came to the city, and the 
people of Baltimore did all in their power to welcome their 
visitors and show them the advantages of Baltimore as a 
place in which to buy. On Sunday, October 10, there were 
religious celebrations in the churches ; on Monday there was 
a procession, ten miles long, made up largely of floats repre- 
senting the various trades and indur.tries of the city ; on 



230 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 



Tuesday, a parade of the Masonic Order and school chil- 
dren ; on Wednesday, a miUtary display ; on Thursday, 
another parade of national societies and benevolent associa- 
tions. Monday's procession was so long that it occupied 
five hours in passing a given point. At night there were 
brilliant displays of fireworks. In fact, we may say that, in 
a modern way, the old-time hospitality, the old-time pleasure- 




MOUNT VERNON PLACE AND WASHINGTON MONUMENT, 
BALTIMORE. 

loving and pleasure-giving spirit of the Marylanders shone 
forth. 

Maryland and her towns have kept pace with the rest 
of the country in all modern developments. In Baltimore, 
especially, electric and cable lines have replaced the old 
horse-cars ; large and handsome public buildings have 
been built ; parks and " squares " have been laid out and 



MARYLAND'S PROGRESS. 231 

made beautiful with flowers, shrubbery, fountains and 
statues. 

Disastrous Floods. Handsome new bridges have been 
built over Jones' falls, and an embankment has been built 
along the stream, so that there is no longer any danger 
from floods such as those which did so much damage to 
the city in early years. Periodically floods have fallen 




RAILROAD PIERS IN BALTIMORE HARBOR. 

upon Baltimore, causing loss of life and great loss of 
property. That of 1786 caused a loss of about half a 
miUion dollars, but the two most disastrous ones occurred 
in 1837 and 1868. In the former some twenty persons 
were drowned, and the destruction of property amounted 
to two million dollars. This was exceeded by the damage 
done in 1868, however, when property to the value of 
three millions was destroyed. Jones' Falls overflowed its 



232 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 



banks, washed away bridges, and even carried away 
houses in the flood of waters. A street car full of pas- 
sengers was hfted from the tracks and swept down the 
street. In the region along the lower banks of the stream 
the water rose in the streets and houses to a height of ten 
feet. The high stone embankment which now borders the 
Falls confines the water even in time of flood to the bed 




VIEW, LOOKING EAST, IN BALTIMORE AFTER THE GREAT FIRE. 

of the stream, and thus saves many lives and millions of 
dollars' worth of property. There was another flood in 
Maryland in the early summer of 1889. The Potomac, 
Patapsco and Susquehanna Rivers all overflowed their 
banks. Baltimore was protected, but on the upper Poto- 
mac fifty lives were lost, several hundred families were 
left homeless, and more than two million dollars worth 



MARYLAND'S TROGRESS. 



233 



of property was destroyed. The upper waters of the 
Chesapeake were covered with logs and debris brought 
down on the Susquehanna flood. 

The Baltimore Fire of 1904. — But a greater calamity than 
any of these, in the amount of property destroyed, was the 
great conflagration which swept over the city of Baltimore 




GENERAL VIEW OF THE RUINS OF BALTIMORE AFTER THE 
GREAT FIRE. 

in the year 1904. The fire started in the wholesale dry 
goods house of John E. Hurst & Co., German Street and 
Hopkins Place, on the morning of Sunday, February 6, and 
raged for thirty hours, destroying almost entirely the business 
section of the city and causing a loss of not far from a hun- 
dred million dollars, a loss unparalleled except by the great 
Chicago fire of 187 1. 



234 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 



Before the alarm could reach the engine houses the whole 
Hurst building was in flames, and ten minutes later an 
explosion caused it to collapse and spread the fire to the 
adjacent buildings in all directions. A fierce wind blow- 
ing at the time spread the flames so rapidly that they got 
beyond the control of the fire department. After a stubborn 
fight the brave firemen had to confess that they were exhausted 




VIEW OF RUINS AT THE CORNER OF BALTIMORE AND 
CHARLES STREETS AFTER THE FIRE. 

by the strain, and aid from other cities was asked and was 
cheerfully given. Engines and men came from Washington, 
Philadelphia, Wilmington, New York and other cities. Even 
then, with seventy engines, the flames could not be checked, but 
burnt their way fiercely to the water front and to Jones Falls. 
When it was found that the engines were powerless, dyna- 
mite was used, and many buildings were blown up in the hope 



MARYLAND'S PROGRESS. 235 

that the flames could not leap across the vacant spaces left. 
Too often this hope proved illusory, and before the fire was 
checked twenty-two banks, eleven trust companies, the cham- 
ber of commerce, the stock exchange, and all but one of the 
newspaper offices had been wholly or partially destroyed. 
Railroad offices and business buildings of every kind, whole- 
sale and retail, and including many of the handsomest and 
newest, were burned. Nor were historic buildings spared ; 
among others the Maryland Institute and the Church of the 
Messiah perished. 

Fortunately the fire started on a Sunday, otherwise the loss 
of life in the crowded business portion of the city would doubt- 
less have been appalling. As it was, there were almost no 
lives lost. 

Martial law was declared for ten days. The Fourth and 
Fifth Maryland regiments, the Naval brigade and a company 
of United States troops patrolled the streets and mounted 
guard in the ruined district, in order to protect the buried 
vaults, safes and valuables from thieves, many of whom, it is 
said, flocked to Baltimore from other cities only to be arrested 
by the vigilant police and sent away again. Governor Warfield 
issued a proclamation declaring a legal holiday from February 
8 to February 15. This was necessary, as the banks and 
trust companies could not reach their vaults, buried in the 
debris, for days, because of the intense heat. Many a mer- 
chant opened his buried safe at the end of a week only to 
find the valuable contents within burned to ashes. 

More than two thousand buildings were burned, and fifty 
thousand persons were thrown out of employment, but the 
citizens of Baltimore, without accepting the aid so kindly 
proffered by other cities, although glad of their sympathy, 
faced the calamity bravely, determined that their city should 
emerjre from its ashes fairer than ever before. 



236 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

State and City Debt. In the State are schools for the 
bUnd and for deaf mutes, and asykims for the helpless and 
the insane. Thus the poor and the helpless are provided 
for. All these things, of course, cost a great deal. To 
pay for them both State and City have had to borrow 
money ; so that by the year 1904 the State had a debt of 
about seven million dollars, while that of Baltimore City was 
nearly forty millions.* 

The War with Spain. Thus the history of our State is, for 
the most part, a record of quiet progress. There have been 
some stirring events, some wrangling with the rest of the 
country, and some discord among ourselves. Of some of 
the acts of her sons the State cannot feel proud ; but the 
deeds of many, of most of them, must fill her with an honest 
and noble pride. Maryland has taken her stand firmly as 
a part of the Union, ready at all times to give money and 
life for love of the country. In the war with Spain, de- 
clared in 1898, her young men were ready, and although not 
many of them were sent into the thick of the fight as they 
wished, yet they bore with sickness and with privation. 
When the Pacific Squadron, under Admiral George Dewey, 
destroyed the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay, the cruiser Bal- 
timore led the line of battle in the second attack. Lieu- 
tenant-Commander John D. Ford, of Baltimore, was chief 
engineer of the Baltimore at the time. After the battle he 
became fleet engineer, and later Rear Admiral. The Mary- 
land Naval Militia, in the auxiliary cruiser Dixie, was in 
active service in the West Indies and received the surrender 
of Port Ponce, Porto Rico. 

The engagement of the war of most interest from the point 

* Funded debt of the vState of Maryland on September 30, 1903, 
$7,101,926.13; net debt, $2,616,704.23. Funded debt of the City of 
Baltimore on January i, 1904, $39,935,182.95 ; net debt, $8,935,182.95. 



MARYLAND'S PROGRESS. 



287 



of view of Maryland, however, was the battle of Santiago. 
The Spanish fleet was blockaded in the harbor of Santi- 
ago by a fleet under the command of Admiral W. T. Samp- 
son, the officer second in command being Commodore 
Winfield Scott Schley, of Maryland. Admiral Sampson 
had left the blockading fleet for a conference and during his 
absence, a short distance away, the Spaniards were captured. 
Much bitter and unwarranted controversy arose concerning 
the question who had been in 
command at the battle and 
to whom the credit of the vic- 
tory was due. Finally, at 
Admiral Schley's request, a 
court of inquiry was held to 
investigate the matter and pro- 
nounce judgment. The court, 
composed of Admiral Dewey 
and Rear-Admirals Ramsay 
and Benham, with Captain 
Samuel C. Lemly as judge- 
advocate, condemned Admiral 
Schley, except on the charge 
of cowardice, wdth Admiral 

_ ,. . A 1 WINFIELD SCOTT SCHLEY. 

Dewey dissenting. Appeal 

was taken to President Roosevelt as Commander-in-Chief of 
the Navy with a result unfavorable to Admiral Schley. In 
the eyes of the people Admiral Schley was, without doubt, 
the " hero of Santiago," and the whole matter can be safely 
left as a question of history to the judgment of posterity. 

A Final Word. In reviewing the history of our State, let 
us then remember always the bravery, the steadfastness, the 
honor, the hospitality, and the cordial courtesy of our fore- 
fathers, and let us try to imitate them in these qualities. If 




238 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

we remember their faults, let it be only to guard ourselves 
against them. Let us remember that a good State is made 
by good citizens. Above all, let us be ever ready, in war 
and in peace, in sickness and in health, in poverty and in 
prosperity, and for very love of her, to do all that we can for 
the honor and well-being of our native State. 

TOPICAL ANALYSIS. 
I. Trade and Commerce. 

1. What effect had the Civil War on the trade of Maryland? 

2. What led to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad strike? 

3. Note that strikes occurred on many other railroads and in other 

States at the time. 

II. Give an Account of Some of the Floods that Have 
Y I SITED THE State, and of Means Taken to Lessen the 
Evils Resulting from Them. 

III. Explain why it is that the State and City of Balti- 

more Have Contracted Debts. 

IV. The Spanish War. 

1. The battle of Manila. 

2. Tell what you know of the engagement at Santiago, 

3. Name some Maiylanders who won distinction in the war. 

V. Let P2ach Student Tell what he Thinks is the Most In- 
teresting Event in Maryland History; the Most Impor- 
tant ; Why he is Proud of Being a Marylander ; Why 
HE Loves his Native State. 

VI. Let the Teacher Point out how the Events Happening 
from Day to Day are Making History to be Written 
about in the Future, and not Merely such Events as 
Wars and the Passing of Laws, but the Daily Life, 
the Habits and Customs of the People. 



HISTORIES 



OF THE 



COUNTIESo^MARYLAND 

FROM 

THE TEACHERS' MANUAL. 



BY 
M. BATES STEPHENS, 

STATE SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC EDUCATION. 




COURT HOUSE AT LEONARDTQWN. 

ST. MARY^S. 

This "mother county" dates back to 1634, and has an 
area of 360 square miles. It was named in honor of the 
saint whom the devout colonists took as their patron. It 
forms the extremity of the southern Maryland penmsula, 
lying between the Potomac and Patuxent Rivers, its lower 
eastern side bordering on the Chesapeake. Historic Point 
Lookout is at the wide mouth of the Potomac. St. Mary s 
touches no other county except Charles, the Patuxent 
making in between it and Calvert. There are highlands 
along the waterfront and lowlands in the interior. Some of 
the soil is sandy, with a clay subsoil, and productive loam is 
found in parts of the county. Half the cultivated land is 
occupied by tenants. Forest areas abound in white and red 
oak, poplar, sycamore, pine and chestnut. Farms fronting 

241 



242 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

on the Bay and rivers are generally large, and vestiges of 
the old manorial life are numerous. Tobacco-growing chiefly 
engages the attention of the farmers, and corn, wheat and 
potatoes are also grown ; much live stock of an excellent 
grade is raised. The construction of a railroad to Point 
Lookout, traversing the county, is often urged. St. Mary's 
only railroad, the Washington City and Potomac, runs from 
Brandywine, on the Pope's Creek Line, in Lower Prince 
George's, through eastern Charles and into St. Mary's as far 
as Mechanicsville, twelve miles from Leonardtown, the 
county seat, located about midway of the county. Steam- 
boats from Washington and Baltimore touch at Points on the 
Potomac, and the Weems Line vessels from Baltimore ply 
the Patuxent. Leonardtown, named after the first Governor 
Calvert, is one of the most interesting ancient colonial towns 
of Maryland. Its population is 463. The site of St. Mary's 
City is fourteen miles southeast of the county seat, on St. 
Mary's River. A seminary for girls is established there, and 
at the tomb of Leonard Calvert a monument has been erected. 
Charlotte Hall Academy, above Mechanicsville, was estab- 
lished by legislative enactment in 1774, and its aliimni in- 
clude many famous Mary landers. 




COURT HOUSE AT CHESTERTOWN. 

KENT. 

Kent, with an area of 315 square miles, was named after 
the Enghsh shire from whence came many of its early 
settlers, who saw in its smiling landscape a replica of the 
fairest county of England. Kent claims the distinction of 
being the oldest county on the Eastern Shore. The first 
settlement within the present limits of Maryland was made 
on Kent Island in 1628 by Protestants from Virginia under 
the leadership of William Claiborne. Calvert claimed the 
island as part of his grant, and the contention was not ended 
until 1647, when Claiborne was dispossessed. The Mary- 
land Proprietary, having established his authority over the 
island, in 1650 organized Kent County, it then embracmg 
the upper Eastern Shore. Kent is a peninsular, lying be- 
tween the Sassafras and Chester Rivers, its eastern border 
being the Delaware line and its western boundary the Chesa- 

243 



244 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

peake Bay. With its standing timber, fertile soil, game, fish 
and many natural advantages, mider the liberal policy of the 
Proprietary, Kent soon became a flourishing colony, with a' 
population consisting of Protestants, Catholics and Quakers, 
And presently negro slaves were brought into the county. 
In 1864 about one-fourth of the population were colored 
people. The soil of Kent yields a great variety of crops, 
and agriculture is the leading occupation of the people ; 
although the fishery interests are extensive. A paper mill, 
basket factory, phosphate factory and other manufacturing 
plants are located at Chestertown, the county seat (popula- 
tion, 3,008). Canneries, mills, and other plants are numerous 
in the county. The people, though conservative, are pro- 
gressive. They have promoted railroad and steamboat com- 
munication with Baltimore and Philadelphia. During the 
ante-Revolutionary period Kent was active in opposition to 
the oppressive measures of Parliament. It is not commonly 
known that Chestertown, then a port of entry, had a " tea 
party " of her own, a small cargo on the Geddess brought 
into the Chester for the neighboring counties, being seized 
and thrown overboard by the indignant citizens. In the War 
of 181 2 the British under Sir Peter Parker landed a force in 
Kent for an important military operation. The enemy was 
met by a body of local militia under Col. Philip Reed (a 
Revolutionary officer and United States Senator 1806-13) 
and driven back to their ships with heavy loss, Parker being 
among the killed. Washington College (founded, 1782), 
which has a normal department, is at Chestertown. Rock 
Hall, Betterton, Millington, Edesville, Galena, Still Pond, 
Kennedyville, and other thriving towns are in Kent. 




COURT HOUSE AT ANNAPOLIS. 

ANNE ARUNDEL. 
Anne Arundel County was erected in 1650 and has an 
area of 400 square miles. It was named after the Lady 
Anne Arundel, whom Cecilius Calvert married. It fronts 
eastward on the Chesapeake, and within its territory five 
rivers are contained — the Severn, most beautiful sheet of 
water of its size in the United States ; Magothy, South, 
Rhode, and West. On the north and northeast is the Pa- 
tapsco, and Howard County lies northwest of Anne Arundel. 
The Patuxent separates it from Prince George's on the west, 
and Calvert is on the south. Annapolis, the State capital, 
is also the county seat. In 1694 it supplanted St. Mary's 
City as the seat of government in the colony, and grew to be 
the " Paris of America," the abode of wealth, elegance and 

245 



246 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

fashion. In the Senate chamber of the historic old State 
House Washington resigned his commission as commander- 
in-chief, to the Continental Congress, at the close of the 
Revolution ; on State House Hill, where Revolutionary- 
troops encamped, is a historic statue of Baron de Kalb, 
commander of the Maryland Line on the gory field of Cam- 
den. Near the State House is the Executive Mansion, and 
in the vicinity are numerous specimens of eighteenth century 
architecture. The city and county are rich in historical as- 
sociations. Eden, the last of the colonial governors, died in 
Annapolis, and his grave is on the Severn. Tombs of the 
early settlers, bearing still familiar names, and other traces 
of the past preserve county history. The Marylajid Gazette^ 
first printed in 1745, is one of the Annapolis newspapers. 
The United States Naval Academy is a government reserva- 
tion adjoining the city. The population of Annapolis is 
8,525. It was named after Queen Anne. Agriculture and 
horticulture are leading industries of the county, and its 
manufacturing interests are numerous, and some of them of 
great importance. South Baltimore, in the northern part of 
the county, is a manufacturing center, with car works and 
other large plants ; Brooklyn has various industries ; An- 
napolis, a port of entry, is a leading center of the oyster 
industry. Tobacco, wheat, corn, vegetables and fruits are 
grown, and woodland areas have heavy growths of oak, pine 
and other trees. The railroads are the Baltimore and Po- 
tomac ; Baltimore and Ohio ; Annapolis, Baltimore and 
Washington ; and Baltimore and Annapolis Short Line. 
St. John's College, the alma mater of many distinguished 
Marylanders, is at Annapolis. Anne Arundel institutions 
have been notable in the educational annals of Maryland. 




COURT HOUSE AT PRINCE FREDERICKTOWN. 



CALVERT. 

Calvert County has 222 square miles of territory, and is 
the smallest in the State. It dates back to 1654 and pre- 
serves the family name of the Proprietary. The Patuxent 
curves around the southern and western sides of the county, 
and its eastern line is washed by the Chesapeake. The 
bayside is marked by highlands, and the " Cliffs of Calvert " 
attract much attention among students of geology and physi- 
ography. The soil is productive and divided between sandy 
and clay loams. Tobacco and cereals are the chief crops, 
and a considerable number of the people are interested in 
fisheries. The oyster grounds of Calvert are among the 
best in the State. Timber is plentiful, and iron ores and 
silica are found in extensive deposits. Drum Point, at the 

247 



248 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

mouth of the Patuxent, has one of the finest harbors in the 
United States, and in time may become the location of a 
vast Federal or commercial maritime enterprise. Fruits and 
vegetables mature early on the sheltered lands, with south- 
ern exposure, along the waterways. The county seat is 
Prince Fredericktown, which is centrally located, and, like 
other Calvert towns, is small in population. Solomon's, in 
the southern part of the county, 26 miles from Prince Fred- 
ericktown, has a marine railway and shipyards, and Sollers', 
on St. Leonard's Creek, St, Leonard's, Chaneyville, Lower 
Marlboro, Drum Point, Huntingtown, Plum Point are among 
the villages of the county. In the colonial and early State 
history of Maryland Calvert was conspicuous. The first 
railroad to enter the county is the Chesapeake Beach, which 
was built from Hyattsville, near Washington, to the Bay a 
few years ago, and runs for a short distance through the 
upper part of Calvert. A large portion of the population is 
colored. Among noteworthy sons of the county were Gen- 
eral James Wilkinson and Rev. Mason Weems (" Parson 
Weems "), the once popular biographer, who pointed a moral 
with his celebrated myth of little George Washington, his 
hatchet, and his father's cherry tree. 




COURT HOUSE AT LA PLATA. 



CHARLES. 

Charles County lies on the Potomac River, its southern 
and western boundary, with Prince George's on the north 
and St, Mary's on the east. Between the two counties a 
tongue of Charles extends to the Patuxent, and it was on 
this, at Benedict, that Ross' army disembarked for the 
march to Washington in 1814. The county was organized 
in 1658 and given the christian name of the second Lord 
Proprietary. Its area is 460 square miles, and its great 
reach of water front on the Potomac, in a huge bend of 
which it is situated, gives it important resources in riparian 
products — oysters, fish, water fowl. The Wicomico River, 
Nanjemoy, Port Tobacco and Mattawoman Creeks are tribu- 
taries of the Potomac in this county. Tobacco is the 

249 



250 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

principal crop, the average yield being five hundred pounds 
to the acre, and corn and wheat are grown in considerable 
quantities. The Pope's Creek line of the Baltimore and 
Potomac Railroad terminates at Pope's Creek, on the 
Potomac. In the middle section of the county the land is 
level, and in other parts its rolling surface is locally desig- 
nated as " valleys." Port Tobacco, from colonial times the 
county seat, was succeeded a decade ago by La Plata, on 
the railroad. The entire village population of the county is 
very small. The United States Naval Proving Grounds, a 
government reservation at Indian Head, in northwestern 
Charles, is where guns and projectiles for the Navy are 
tested. Marshall Hall, nearly opposite Mount Vernon, is 
closely connected with the memory of Washington, and is 
now an excursion resort. General William Smallwood was 
from Charles, and for a century his grave on the ancestral 
estate, near the old brick dwelling in which he and General 
Washington held Masonic meetings, was marked only by a 
walnut tree. On July 4, 1898, the Maryland Society of the 
Sons of the American Revolution unveiled a massive monu- 
ment on the spot. This county was also the home of 
Thomas Stone, a signer of the Declaration of Independence ; 
of Michael Jenifer Stone, a representative in the first Con- 
gress, who voted to place the seat of Federal Government 
on the Potomac ; of Governor John Hoskins Stone, dis- 
tinguished at Long Island, White Plains, Princeton, German- 
town ; of Robert Hanson Harrison, Washington's military 
secretary, and a long list of able and brilliant men. 




COURT HOUSE AT TOWSON. 

BALTIMORE. 

Baltimore stands at the head of Maryland counties in 
population, wealth and resources, and its area of 622 square 
miles is exceeded only by Garrett and Frederick. When the 
" Belt" was annexed to Baltimore City in 1888 the county 
lost considerable territory, 36,000 inhabitants and the towns 
of Waverly, Oxford, Woodberry, Hampden, Calverton. The 
eastern neighbor of Baltimore County is Harford ; its 
western, Carroll; and it is bounded on the south by the 
Bay, the city, and the Patapsco River, separating it from 
Anne Arundel and Howard. The Pennsylvania State line 
is the northern boundary. The topography of the county 
is diversified and attractive, elevated and rolling, watered by 
numerous picturesque streams and well timbered. The soil 
is strong and fertile, and a great variety of crops is grown. 

251 



252 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

In mineral resources Baltimore is particularly fortunate. 
From the early days of the colony its iron ores attracted 
capital, and from time to time numerous iron manufacturing 
establishments have been in operation. Copper mines were 
formerly worked in the county, and from this industry grew 
the present large copper works at Canton, which now use 
copper from Montana, the mining of the county deposits 
being very expensive. The first discovery of chrome ore in 
America was made a few miles north of Baltimore City, and 
a flourishing industry in the manufacture of products from 
this ore, of wdde applicability in the arts, was established. 
The building stones of the county have given it high rank 
in the industrial world. The famous Woodstock granite is 
found in the southwestern corner, and has been quarried 
since the thirties. It has been used in many of the chief 
buildings in Baltimore City and in the Congressional Library 
and Washington Postoffice. The most valuable of Mary- 
land's limestone deposits, it is said, are the highly crystalline 
marbles of Baltimore County. The Beaver Dam marbles 
have been used in the construction of the Washington 
Monuments in Baltimore and Washington, and Federal, 
State and municipal buildings throughout the East. Gneiss 
and gabbro rocks are also used in building. The county is 
noted for its mineral waters — Chattolanee, Roland, Strontia, 
Lystra, etc. There are valuable deposits of serpentine and 
porcelain clays. Along the Patapsco and the Bay are 
numerous pleasure resorts and fishing and gunning shores. 
The Baltimore and Ohio ; Philadelphia, Wilmington and 
Baltimore * and the Baltimore and Potomac run through its 
southern portion ; the Northern Central extends northward 
through the county into Pennsylvania : the Western Mary- 

* The name of this railroad has been changed to Philadelphia, 
Baltimore and Washington. 



COUNTY HISTORIES. 253 

land runs northwesterly from Baltimore City, and there are 
several short lines and electric roads. The county seat is 
Towson, named after General Nathan Towson, seven miles 
from Baltimore, on the Maryland and Pennsylvania Rail- 
road. It is a terminus of a city electric car line, and is 
situated in the midst of a superbly developed agricultural 
country. It has a population of 2,500. Canton and High- 
landtown, small cities in themselves, largely given over to 
manufacturing, adjoin the eastern limits of Baltimore City. 
Cockeysville has a large stone quarry ; at J^utherville is a 
female seminary ; Emory Grove and Glyndon are noted 
camp grounds ; Catonsville and Mount Washington, with 
Roland Park and other towns, are known for their fine 
residences and picturesque locations. Hundreds of indus- 
trial establishments, large and small, are located in the 
county, and Steelton (Sparrow's Point) is the seat of the 
mammoth plant of the Maryland Steel Company. The 
county has many fine estates and country seats, and from its 
formation, in 1659, has been the home of a great number of 
the foremost men of colony and State. The battle of North 
Point was fought on its soil. For years it had a Congress- 
man of its own. Baltimore was the name of the Irish estates 
of the Calverts. The private and sectarian educational 
institutions of the county are numerous, and some of them 
of widespread fame. 




COURT HOUSE AT EASTON. 



TALBOT. 

" Talbot County was formed in 1 660-61. The order by 
which it was created has not been found, but the Assembly 
proceedings first show its existence in this year. Tlie exist- 
ing records of the province have not discovered to us what 
were its exact Hmits anterior to the year 1706. In that year 
they were definitely settled by the existing Act of 1706, 
Chapter 3, which enacts that ' the bounds of Talbot County 
shall contain Sharp's Island, Choptank Island, and all the 
land on the north side of the Great Choptank River ; and 
extend itself up the said river to Tuckahoe Bridge ; and 
from thence with a straight line to the mill commonly called 
and known by the name of Swetnam's Mill, and thence down 

254 



COUNTY HISTORIES. 265 

the south side of Wye River to its mouth, and thence down 
the Bay to the place of beginning, inckiding Poplar Island 
and Bruff's Island.'" — McMaho7i : History of Maryla?id. 
The second public school in Maryland was established in 
Talbot under the Act of 1723. That this school was some- 
thing more than a mere elementary school is clear from the 
curriculum laid down in the Act, namely, " Grammar, Good 
Writing and Mathematics." There is sufficient evidence for 
believing that the Talbot Free School was better supplied 
with good teachers than the private subscription schools, 
which were often filled by indentured servants. Bampfylde 
Moore Carew, the " King of the Beggars," came to Talbot 
as an unwilling emigrant, and the captain of the ship that 
brought him over recommended him to a planter of Bayside 
as a "great scholar and an excellent schoolmaster." The 
school seems to have prospered for a long series of years 
and was " looked upon as the most frequented in the prov- 
ince." But after the year 1764 no record of it has been 
found. How long it flourished and when it ceased to exist 
is unknown. It is believed, upon tradition merely, that it 
continued in successful operation up to the outbreak of the 
Revolutionary War. Talbot people have long cherished 
their public schools as their most valued privilege and right. 
The county has an area of 285 square miles, and derives its 
name from Lord Talbot. It is cut up into peninsulas by 
the Chesapeake and its tributaries, and is famous for its 
landscapes and waterscapes. Agriculture, canning and 
oyster-catching are its industries. It has furnished Govern- 
ors, United States Senators, a Secretary of the Treasury 
and numerous State and national officials and men of mark. 
Maryland's first historian came from Talbot, and it was the 
home of Robert Morris' father and the birthplace of John 
Dickinson. The Delaware and Chesapeake, and Baltimore, 



256 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 



Chesapeake and Atlantic are its transportation lines. Easton,* 
the county seat, was the former " capital " and seat of gov- 
ernment on the Eastern Shore, and the first newspaper on 
this side of the Bay was established there more than a cen- 
tury ago. Oxford and St. Michael's are also historic. 

* Population, 3,074. 





COURT HOUSE AT PRINCESS ANNE. 

SOMERSET. 

Somerset County was erected August 22, 1666, by an 
order of the Provincial Council, and embraced, " all 
that Tract of land within this our province of Maryland 
bounded on the South with a line drawn from Wattkin's 
point (being the North point of th't bay into wch the river 
Wighco formerly called Wighcocomoco afterwards Pocomoke 
& now Wighcocomoco againe doth fall exclusively) to the 
Ocean on the East, Nantecoke river on the North & the 
Sound of Chesipiake bay on the West ; " which was erected 
in the name and as the act of the Lord Proprietary " into a 
county by the name of Sommersett county in honor to our 
Deare Sister the lady Mary Somersett." The commission- 
ers, Stephen Horsey, William Stevens, William Thorne, 

257 



258 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

James Jones, John Winder, Henry Boston, George Johnson 
and John White were empowered " to enquire by the Oath 
of good «& lawfull men of all manner of fellonies Whitch- 
crafts inchantmts Sorceryes Magick Arts Trespasses forestal- 
lings ingrossing & extorcons " and " all & singler other Mis- 
deeds and offences." The order appointed " Edmond Beach- 
champe Clark and Keeper of the Records," and the Council 
issued the same day a commission to Stephen Horsey to be 
" Sherriffe of Somersett." The first effort to settle the long- 
standing boundary dispute with Virginia resulted in Scarbor- 
ough's line depriving Somerset of 23 square miles of territory. 
Like Dorset, Somerset has jurisdiction over several islands, 
one of which, Deal's Island, was celebrated early in the last 
century for its Methodist " Parson " Thomas, who, tradition 
says, foretold the death of Ross in the attack on Baltimore 
and preached to the British on his island. The southeastern 
corner of Somerset is separated from Accomac, in Virginia, 
by the Pocomoke River, and the division line continues 
through Pocomoke Sound. The Western Shore is washed 
by Tangier Sound and the Bay. The area of Somerset is 
362 square miles, and it heads the list of oyster counties, 
half its population being engaged in that industry. The value 
of the annual oyster yield from Somerset waters is $2,000,000, 
and the packing houses along the southern and western 
shores utilize from one to one and a half million bushels 
yearly. In summer oystermen find employment in the crab- 
bing industry, and these shellfish are shipped in enormous 
quantities to city markets — 250,000 dozen going from Cris- 
field alone in a single season. Terrapin are more plentiful 
in Somerset than in other counties, and " diamond-back 
farming " is successful. Agriculture is profitable in the in- 
terior, and truck farming is carried on along the lines of the 
New York, Philadelphia and Norfolk Railroad. Crisfield, 



COUNTY HISTORIES. 



269 



near the mouth of the Httle Annamessex River, with a popu- 
lation of 3,165, is a port of entry for hundreds of vessels, and 
has extensive industrial and commercial interests. The 
county seat, Princess Anne, was founded in 1733. Other 
towns are Fairmount, Oriole, Mt. Vernon, Dame's Quarter, 
Kingston, Costen, Hopewell, Marion, Westover. 





COURT HOUSE AT CAMBRIDGE. 



DORCHESTER. 



Dorchester County is the largest on the Eastern shore, 
having an area of 610 square miles, and ranks fourth in 
point of size in the State. The Great Choptank River and 
Caroline form its northern boundary, and it has a few 
miles of eastern border on the Delaware hne. The Nanti- 
coke flows along the southeastern border, and on the south 
and west arms of the Chesapeake and the Bay itself en- 
close the county. Dorchester was formed in 1669-70, 
and its name is traced to the Earl of Dorset or to Dorset- 
shire. Various islands are included in its territory, and 
the Little Choptank, the northwest fork of the Nanticoke, 

260 



COUNTY HISTORIES. 261 

Honga, Fishing, Blackwater, Transquaking, Chickacomico, 
are rivers and creeks of Dorchester. Fishing Bay, Tar 
Bay, Trippe Bay, Hooper's Straits and other bodies of 
water add to the geographical nomenclature of the county. 
There is a great extent of marsh land, frequented by 
myriads of wild ducks, and oysters, crabs and terrapin 
abound in the county waters. Sand, clay and marl make 
a diversified soil, and corn, wheat, potatoes, tomatoes and 
fruits are grown. Great quantites of oysters, tomatoes 
and corn are used by the packing-houses. The annual 
income from the oyster catch is $1,000,000 or more, and 
Dorchester ranks next to Somerset in this industry. 
Cambridge is the home port of a vast fleet of dredging 
and tonging vessels, the seat of large packing establish- 
ments, of shipyards and other manufactures. The Cam- 
bridge and Seaford and the Baltimore, Chesapeake and 
Atlantic Railroads traverse northeastern Dorchester, and 
steam and sailing vessels reach all parts of the county 
lying on water. Cambridge, the county seat, with a popu- 
lation of 5,747, has a fine salt-water situation on the Great 
Choptank, 18 miles from its mouth. The river here, be- 
tween the Dorchester and Talbot shores, is several miles 
in width, and the town is built on level ground, extending 
to the water's edge. The streets are well shaded, and 
brick and stone structures predominate in the business 
section. East New Market is in the midst of a thriving 
agricultural section, has a population of 1,267, and Secre- 
tary (on Secretary Sewell's Creek), Hurlock, Williams- 
burg, Salem, Taylor's Island, Bucktown, Linkwood, 
Dailsville, are some Dorchester villages. Vienna, on the 
Nanticoke, was long noted for its shipyards, and many 
swift and shapely ocean-going vessels were built there 
before steam and iron supplanted wood, and when the 



262 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 



white oak forests of Dorset still afforded the best material 
known in former naval construction. Dorchester was 
harried by the British during the War of 1812. Governor 
John Henry, first United States Senator from the Eastern 
Shore, and William Vans Murray were from this county. 





COURT HOUSE AT ELKTON. 



CECIL. 

Cecil County, named in honor of the second Lord Baron 
of Baltimore, was erected in 1674, the tenth county in 
order of formation, and it is situated in the northeast 
corner of Maryland, on the borders of Pennsylvania and 
Delaware, and cut off from the remainder of the State 
by the Sassafras River on the South and the Chesapeake 
Bay and Susquehanna River on the West. It is one of 
the smaller counties in area — 350 square miles — much of 
which is, however, under water, as it is intersected by 
several rivers, notably the North East, the Elk and the 
Bohemia. The surface throughout is rolling, the north- 

203 



264 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

ern portion being hilly ; this gives considerable water 
power, which is utilized by a number of large paper, iron, 
cotton, flour, phosphate, kaolin and fluor-spar mills. The 
third largest pulp and paper mill in the United States is 
located at Elkton, the county seat. In the eighteenth 
century the output of pig and bar iron at the Principio 
Company's furnaces was the largest in America. The 
soil generally is fertile, varying from a yellow clay in the 
south to a disintegrated rock in the north, producing 
fruits, grain and hay in abundance. So noted has its 
hay crop become that the highest grade on the Baltimore 
market is known as " Cecil County hay." Along the Sus- 
quehanna River are several large granite quarries, afford- 
ing the best building material, a stone which, when pol- 
ished, as is done at Port Deposit, is excelled in beauty by 
no other. Kaolin is largely worked for use in the manu- 
facture of paper and in porcelain factories, and chrome 
has been extensively mined. Although possessing such 
excellent water facilities, marsh land is almost unknown. 
The banks of the Susquehanna River rise abruptly to a 
height of from 80 to nearly 600 feet. At Port Deposit 
the granite banks rise almost perpendicularly 200 to 300 
feet. The fisheries, as might be expected, are of much 
importance. Elkton, the largest town, has 2,542 inhabitants, 
followed by Port Deposit, Perryville, Rising Sun, North 
East, Chesapeake City and Cecilton. The scenery in 
places is picturesque in the extreme. That along the Sus- 
quehanna, near Conowingo, and on the Octoraro, near 
Porter's Bridge, attracts artists from a distance, and com- 
pares most favorably with the Wissahickon and other rugged 
streams so often delineated by the painter's brush. The 
county is about equi-distant from Philadelphia and Balti- 
more, is intersected by the Philadelphia, Wilmington and 



COUNTY HISTORIES. 265 

Baltimore,* the Philadelphia division of the Baltimore and 
Ohio, and the Baltimore Central Railroads ; also by the 
Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. Cecil Comity was one of 
the first to engage in school work. In 1723 the Colonial 
Legislature appointed a committee consisting of John Ward, 
John Dowell, Benjamin Pearce and others to open free 
schools, and they opened one. St. Stephen's Church, 
organized in 1692, opened a public school about 1734. 
The Friends' Meeting House at Calvert was organized by 
William Penn in 1702, and soon after opened a school. 
The Church of St. Francis Xavier was organized in 1704, 
and afterward opened a school. The county in 1859 
organized a system of free public schools, thus antedating 
that of the State six years. Among the more prominent 
private schools are the West Nottingham Academy, opened 
about 1 741 by Rev. Samuel Finley, who afterward became 
the President of Princeton University. It is situated near 
Colora. The Tome Institute, most beautifully situated on 
the bluff at Port Deposit, presided over by Dr. A. W. Harris, 
with a corps of 6;^ teachers, and over 500 pupils, was en- 
dowed by the late Jacob Tome with several millions of 
dollars. 

* Now Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington. 




COURT HOUSE AT UPPER MARLBORO. 



PRINCE GEORGE'S. 

Prince George's County, named in honor of Prince George 
of Denmark, husband of Queen Anne, was formed in 1695, 
having been originally a part of 64iarles. The seat of local 
government was first established at Mount Calvert, on the 
Patuxent River, but it was soon removed to Upper Marlboro 
(named for the Duke of Marlborough in 1706). The number 
of white children of school age is 6,175, and the number of 
colored children, 5,179. Prince George's is one of the jnost 
progressive and prosperous counties of the State. Its growth 
is promoted largely by its proximity to the national capital. 
The resources of the county are mainly agricultural. In the 
upper section, bordering upon the District of Columbia, 

2G0 



COUNTY HISTORIES. 267 

trucking is followed to a large extent. In the middle and 
southern sections corn, wheat and tobacco are cultivated — 
the last named on an extensive scale, forming the staple prod- 
uct. The annual output of the county is larger than that 
of any other of the tobacco-growing counties. The principal 
towns are Upper Marlboro, Laurel, Hyattsville, Bladen sburg, 
Forestville and Woodville. At Laurel there are cotton duck 
mills, and a cereal mill has recently been established at 
Hyattsville. Bladensburg has the distinction of having been 
the scene of one of the most significant battles of the \\'ar of 
1812, and of many noted duels. The academy at Upper 
Marlboro, established in 1835, is managed by a board of 
seven trustees, and has always had for its principal a capable 
teacher of the classics. Many persons who attained 
eminence in public and professional life were educated at 
this school. Even in colonial time, Prince George's County 
was conspicuous for being the home of cultured and educated 
people; and as early as 1745 Rev. Dr. Eversfield, Rector of 
St. Paul's parish, established a private school near his resi- 
dence, which he continued until his death, in 1780. He 
taught Greek and Latin and furnished pupils with board at 
^53 P^^ annum. The Maryland Agricultural College is in 
this county. The area of Prince George's is 480 square 
miles, and its railroads are the Baltimore and Ohio, Baltimore 
and Potomac, Pope's Creek, and Chesapeake Beach lines. 
Back in the thirties the " Patuxent Manufacturing Company " 
was incorporated and established the present cotton mill at 
Laurel, the old name of the town being " Laurel Factory." 
The iron industry in Prince George's dates back over a 
century. The Snowdens, among the original settlers of the 
county, established furnaces at various points in southern 
Maryland. The Patuxent Furnace and Forge was long a 
notable industry. The only iron works now^ in operation in 



268 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 



the county, or in rural Maryland, is the Muirkirk Furnace, 
on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, at Muirkirk. It was 
erected in 1847 by Andrew and Elias Ellicott and modeled 
after a furnace at Muirkirk, Scotland. The population of 
Laurel is 2,079, ^^^^ of Hyattsville, 1,222. 





COURT HOUSE AT CENTREVILLE. 



QUEEN ANNE^S. 

Queen Anne's County was erected in 1706, and the bounds 
of the four counties above the Great Choptank were de- 
scribed and fixed by the Assembly of that year with 
definiteness. 

Queen Anne's takes in the territory between the Delaware 
line and the Bay (including Kent Island) south of the Chester 
and north of the Wye and Tuckahoe Rivers. Kent is its 
northern and Talbot and Caroline its southern neighbors. 
Agriculturally, the county is highly favored, the soil being 
very fertile and the surface rolling. The area of the county 
is 376 square miles. Kent Island is opposite Anne Arundel, 
and its wooded shores are visible from the State House at 
Annapolis. Although under cultivation for two and a half 
centuries, the island is the delight of agriculturists, its rich 
soil producing in profusion all the staple Maryland crops. 

269 



270 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

Oysters, crabs, fish and water fowl are plentiful in Queen 
Anne's waters. Practically all the arable land of the county 
is under cultivation. The industrial establishments are 
chieliy Hour mills and canneries. The Queen Anne's Rail- 
road runs from Love Point, on Kent Island, through the 
southern part of the county to Lewes, Delaware, and the 
Queen Anne's and Kent Railroad, of the Pennsylvania 
system, terminates at Centreville, the county seat (population, 
1,231), to which point a spur of the Queen Anne's has been 
extended. Steamboats bring the watersides of the county 
within a few hours' trip of Baltimore City. Queenstown, on the 
eastern waterfront, was the colonial county seat, and has an 
interesting history. A school here attained some reputation 
before the revolution. In provincial times Queen Anne's and 
Talbot were favorite places of summer residence for leading 
men of Maryland, who cultivated broad estates in these 
counties in the intervals between their official duties at 
Annapolis or participation in its social gayeties. Queen 
Anne's rivals St. Mary's as the favorite field of writers of 
historical romances. 




COURT HOUSE AT SNOW HILL. 



WORCESTER. 

Worcester County was formed in 1742 and originally in- 
cluded, with the shadowy county of Durham, all the Mary- 
land territory lying on the Delaware from the fortieth parallel 
to the ocean. The centre of settlement in that Worcester 
was "the Horekeele " — the present Lewes. Mason and 
Dixon's Line gave Worcester its now northern boundary. 
Chincoteague, Sinepuxent, Isle of Wight and Assateague 
Bays take up a considerable part of the county's area of 
487 square miles. Its name recalls the loyalty of the Pro- 
prietaries to the royal house of Stuart. Snow Hill, the 
county seat, was one of the " townes and ports of trade " 
erected in 1686. It is at the head of navigation on the 
Pocomoke River, and on the Delaware, Maryland and Vir- 
ginia Railroad, and its manufactures are locally important. 
At Pocomoke City millions of baskets and crates for the 

271 



272 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

fruit and vegetable trade are made annually, and the build- 
ing of oyster boats and other craft is an important industry. 
The population of the town is 2,124; that of Snow Hill, 
1,596, and of Berlin, 1,246. Smaller towns are Ironshire, 
Girdletree, Whaleyville, Bishopville, Newark, Box Iron, 
Stockton, Klej Grange. Worcester is the only county in 
the State which borders on the Atlantic Ocean, and it has 
in Ocean City a thriving and prosperous seaside resort, 
which has been of great advantage to truckers on the main- 
land near there, and which has added materially to the 
taxable basis. The principal industries are agriculture, 
manufacturing of lumber, and the oyster and other fisheries. 
The people are chiefly of English descent. The soil varies 
from a light sand to a heavy clay, the majority of it being a 
good loam, with some clay. The principal products are 
cereals, fruits, truck and timber. The lower part of the 
Sinepuxent Bay in Worcester is one of the most fertile oyster 
fields to be found. During the season there are shipped 
from the railroad station at Girdletree about 30,000 barrels, 
and from Hursley about the same number, beside those that 
are consumed locally or are shipped by vessels. At Ocean 
City a fish company has been formed and annually ships 
thousands of barrels of the finest fish to Northern markets. 




COURT HOUSE AT FREDERICK. 

FREDERICK. 

Frederick County was organized in 1748, named after the 
Prince of Wales, and has an area of 633 square miles, being 
the second largest Maryland county. Its topography is 
agreeably diversified by valley, plain, rolling land and moun- 
tain. Many of the early settlers were Germans. The county 
has always furnished its full quota of soldiers and sailors 
in war time, from colonial days to the war with Spain. The 
author of '' The Star-Spangled Banner " was born here, and 
his remains rest in Mt. Olivet Cemetery, in the city of 

273 



274 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

Frederick, beneath the monuirxent erected by the Key 
Monument Association, and unveiled August 9, 1899. On 
November 23, 1765, the judges of the Frederick County 
Court repudiated the Stamp Act passed by the British Par- 
ham ent, and Repudiation Day was made a county hoUday 
in 1894. Agriculture is the leading industry, the soil being 
fertile and producing large crops of wheat, corn, rye, oats 
and potatoes. The mountain districts still supply a good 
quality of oak, chestnut, walnut, hickory and other timber. 
The railroads are the Baltimore and Ohio, the Western 
Maryland, Pennsylvania, and an electric road runs from 
Frederick to Myersville. Iron ore and copper are found in 
different parts of the county, the most extensive deposits of 
the former being in the northern section, near Thurmont, 
where a large smelting plant is located — the Catoctin Fur- 
nace, first put in operation in 1774. Near Libertytown 
copper mines are worked on an extensive scale. Frederick 
City, sixty-one miles from Baltimore, has a population of 
9,296, and is the county seat. A female seminary, Frederick 
College, and other important private educational institutions 
are located there, as is also the Maryland School for the 
Deaf. Manufactured products of the county include lumber, 
flour, fibre brushes, fertilizer, furniture, harness, hosiery, 
crockery-ware, lime, proprietary articles, etc. Frederick 
towns include Brunswick, Emmitsburg (near which is Mt. 
St. Mary's College), Thurmont, Walkersville, Middletown, 
Buckeystown, Adamstown, Point of Rocks, Creagerstown, 
Wolfsville, Urbana, Libertytown, New Market, Ijamsville, 
Sabillasville, Woodsboro, Knoxville, Mt. Pleasant, Jefferson, 
Graceham, Myersville, Harmony, Johnsville, Ladiesburg, 
Unionville, Tewistown, Attica Mills, Burkittsville. 




COURT HOUSE AT BEL AIR. 



HARFORD. 

Harford County was formerly part of Baltimore County. 
After the removal of the county seat of the latter from 
Joppa (which is within the present limits of Harford) to 
Baltimore Town on the Patapsco, a petition for the forma- 
tion of a new county was granted by the Legislature of 1773. 
The Proprietary of the Province of Maryland at this time 
was Henry Harford, and from him the county took its name. 
The first county seat was Harford Town, or Bush, but as 
the settlements gradually extended farther and farther from 
the river and Bay section, the people desired a more con- 
venient location. As the result of an election in 1782, the 
county seat was removed to Bel Air, where it has remained. 
The physical features of the county being so varied, the in- 
dustries are of many kinds. From the tidewater region in 
the southeastern part there is a gradual elevation, the high- 
est point being 750 feet nbove the sea. In the spring much 



276 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

fishing is done along the Susquehanna and upper part of the 
Chesapeake. Sportsmen come from afar to take advantage 
of the duck-shooting here afforded. In the upper part of 
the county are found quarries of slate and limestone. Roll- 
ing fields of unsurpassed fertility give the tiller of the soil 
first place in the industries of the county. The pasture land 
in the valley of the streams makes dairying profitable, and 
the canned goods industry has been encouraged to such an 
extent by the packers and brokers that Harford ranks 
among the first of all the southern counties in this respect. 
The facilities for shipping are good, the Baltimore and Ohio 
and the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore * Railroads 
traversing the entire southern part of the county, the Mary- 
land and Pennsylvania running through a great portion of 
the central part in a north-and-south direction, while just 
across the river, along the eastern border, is the Columbia 
and Port Deposit Road. The citizens of Harford have 
always taken an active part in both State and national his- 
tory. As the first county seat lay on the main highway 
between Virginia and the Northern colonies, the ideas of 
Washington and Jefferson and Patrick Henry were easily 
disseminated. More than a year before Jefferson's famous 
instrument was adopted, thirty-four of Harford's representa- 
tive sons, duly elected by the people of the county, signed a 
resolution in which they heartily approved of the " Resolves 
and Associations of the Continental Congress and the Re- 
solves of the Provincial Convention," and solemnly pledged 
themselves to each other and the country to perform the 
same at the risk of their lives and their fortunes. This is 
known as the famous Bush Declaration of March 22, 1775. 
In the Court House at Bel Air are portraits of many of the 
distinguished citizens of the county who have left their im- 

* Now Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington. 



COUNTY HISTORIES. 277 

press upon the State and nation. Among them are found 
William Paca, signer of the Declaration of Independence and 
twice Governor of the State ; Dr. John Archer, a member of 
the first Constitutional Convention of the State, and Edwin 
Booth, one of the greatest of the world's actors. Abingdon, 
aptly termed the " Mecca of the Methodists," is noted as 
being the seat of the first Methodist college (Cokesbury) 
founded for higher education. Havre de Grace, named by 
Lafayette because of the resemblance of its location to that 
of the French Havre, is the largest town in the county, its 
population being 3,423. It figured in the War of 18 12. 
Bel Air has a population of 961, and Aberdeen and other 
towns have from 100 to 800 inhabitants. 



t ^ \ 




COURT HOUSE AT DENTON. 



CAROLINE. 



Caroline is one of the smaller Maryland counties and is 
the most inland of those on the Eastern Shore. Wicomico 
alone excepted, it is the only one in that section not having 
an extensive bayside border. The Delaware line bounds it 
on the east, Dorset on the south. Great Choptank and Tuck- 
ahoe Rivers on the west, and Queen Anne's on the north. 
The area of the county is 320 square miles, and it was named 
in honor of Lady Eden, and its county seat was first called 

278 



COUNTY HISTORIES. 279 

Eden-Town, after Governor Eden. It was erected in 1773. 
The soil is of sand and clay, adapted to a variety of crops, 
from wheat to berries. Fruit-growing is a prominent in- 
dustry, and canneries are operated in every section of the 
county. A local industry is charcoal-burning. The Queen 
Anne's Railroad has done much to develop the central sec- 
tion of the county and to quicken village growth. The 
Delaware and Chesapeake Railway runs through the north- 
western part, and the Cambridge and Seaford line through 
the extreme southeast. On the Choptank, steamboats ply 
daily to Denton. The population of Denton is 900. 
Ridgely (population, 713) and Greensborough are important 
fruit shipping stations, and the next largest towns. Federals- 
burg (population, 539), on the northwest fork of the Nanti- 
coke, has several local industries, and Preston, on the 
Bahimore, Chesapeake and Atlantic Railway, which curves 
through southwestern Caroline ; Hillsborough, Burrsville, 
Choptank are progressive towns. Hillsborough Academy 
was noted among the classical public schools of the post- 
Revolutionary period. One of the first acts of the people of 
this county was the promulgation of the *' Caroline Resolu- 
tions of 1774," pledging resistance to the arbitrary measures 
of Parliament. The county was distinguished in the Revo- 
lution. At Ridgely is an extensive basket and berry-cup 
manufactory. 




COURT HOUSE AT HAGERSTOWN. 



WASHINGTON. 

Washington County was established on the same day as 
Montgomery and was taken from Frederick, originally in- 
cluding Allegany and Garrett. It is bounded on the north 
by Pennsylvania, on the east by South Mountain, which sep- 
arates it from Frederick ; on the south and southwest by the 
Potomac River, dividing it from Virginia, and on the west 
by Sideling Hill Creek, which separates it from Allegany. 
It is nearly triangular in shape. The county is abundantly 
watered by the Antietam, Beaver, Conococheague, Israel, 
and other creeks tributary to the Potomac. The principal 
products are wheat, corn, oats, hay, rye, potatoes, wool, live 
stock, butter and honey. The county seat is Hagerstown, 

280 



COUNTY HISTORIES. 281 

with a population of 13,591, and an admirable location as 
a railroad centre. It lies on Antietam Creek, 86 miles from 
Baltimore, and a seminary of high order and other private 
institutions are among its educational facilities. The Balti- 
more and Ohio, Western Maryland, Norfolk and Western, 
and Cumberland Valley Railroads traverse the county, and 
all pass through Hagerstown. The manufacturing establish- 
ments of the city are numerous, and some of their products 
are bicycles, gloves, organs, building materials, agricultural 
implements, cigars, flour, carriages, etc. Williamsport has a 
population of 1,472, and is a commercial and industrial 
centre. Sharpsburg, Hancock, Clearspring, Boonsboro, 
Smithsburg, Leitersburg, Funkstown, Keedysville, and others, 
are thriving villages. The county ranks high among wheat- 
producing counties of the United States, and is noted for its 
mountain-side peach orchards. The population is remarkable 
for intelligence, industry and thrift. Its area is 525 square 
miles. ^Germans , English, Scotch, ^ Swiss and French from 
the border provinces of Alsace and Lorraine were among the 
original settlers. A number of families were established in 
the county as early as 1735, and from 1740 onward the 
numbers rapidly increased. Washington has been the 
mother of a long line of distinguished men in every walk of 
life, who have left their impress not only upon Maryland, but 
upon other States and the nation. The county may lay claim 
to no inconsiderable share in the construction of the first 
steamboat built in the United States (1785-86). General 
Washington and Governor Thomas Johnson were patrons of 
the experiment of James Rumsey, and parts of his steam- 
boat were made at the Antietam Iron Works on March 14, 
1786. Sharpsburg and vicinity was the scene of the most 
terrible and bloody battle of the Civil War, and in the Antie- 
tam National Cemetery here lie buried 4,667 Union dead. 



282 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 



The Delaware and Catawba battle-ground, at the mouth of 
Antietam Creek, the limestone or subterranean curiosity from 
which Cavetown derives its name, and old Fort Frederick, 
near Clearspring — the last remaining visible vestige of the 
French and Indian War — and Maryland Heights, rendered 
conspicuous in 1861-65, together with Antietam battlefield, 
dotted wdth monuments and tablets, make the county forever 
memorable in song and story. 





COURT HOUSE AT R(KKVILLE. 



MONTGOMERY. 

On September 6, 1776, the county of Montgomery was 
formed out of the " Lower District of Frederick," and named 
in honor of that ilUistrious hero, General Richard Montgom- 
ery, kiUed at Quebec in the previous year. The county 
furnished a conspicuous part of the Maryland Line during 
the Revolution, also troops in every subsequent war in which 
the country has been engaged. Montgomery has given the 
State at least nine members of the national House of Repre- 
sentatives, one United States Senator, one Chief Judge of 

283 



284 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

the Maryland Court of Appeals, three Presidents of the 
State Senate, and has had one Cabmet officer. The late 
United States Senators Edwards, of Illinois, Davis, of Ken- 
tucky, and the brilliant commoner, Proctor Knott, of the 
same State, were natives of this county ; and the ancestors 
of the southern Lamars and of Thomas H. Benton, of 
Missouri, were from Montgomery. The first school of any 
reputation in the county was a seminary for young men, 
established toward the close of the Revolution, and memo- 
rable as the alma mater of William Wirt. The Rockville 
Academy (1809) and Brooke ville Academy (18 14) were next 
chartered and liberally endowed, and have been in operation 
ever since their foundation. Many private institutions of 
learning have since been established, and those now existing 
are at Rockville, Sandy Spring, Darnestown, Poolesville and 
Forest Glen. The Metropolitan Branch of the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroad runs diagonally through the county, 
available to nearly every section, and several electric roads 
enter the southeastern part, reaching various towns. The 
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal borders on southern Montgom- 
ery, from the District line to Monocacy. There are numerous 
circulating libraries, and the proximity of the county to the 
national capital offers the best facilities to students and 
information seekers. Braddock's army encamped for a night 
within the present limits of Rockville. In the early history 
of the county corn and tobacco were the staple products of 
the soil, until it became so exhausted that Montgomery lost 
by emigration to the new country beyond the Ohio large 
numbers of her population. In 1790 this was over 18,000, 
and fifty years later, 15,456. By the introduction of guano 
in 1845 by the Society of Friends, a wonderful advance was 
made in the growing of cereals and grass, and the value of 
land and farm products materially enhanced. In the last 



COUNTY HISTORIES. 285 

twenty-five years the fertility of the soil has been greatly in- 
creased by the use of lime and phosphates. The Great 
Falls of the Potomac is said to be the largest available water 
power, perhaps, in the world, and the county has many 
natural advantages. Gold has been found in Montgomery 
in small quantities, and there are extensive deposits of gran- 
ite. Rockville, the county seat, has a population of i,iio, 
Kensington of 477, Takoma of 756, Gaithersburg of 547. 
The area of the county is 508 square miles. 





COURT HOUSE AT UUMr.KRLAND. 



ALLEGANY. 



Allegany County derives its name from an Indian word 
— Alligewi, a tribe name, or Oolik-hanna, meaning '' fairest 
stream." Its area is 442 square miles, and it lies between 
Garrett and Washington, with the Potomac River separating 
it from West Virginia on the south. Its northern line is the 
Pennsylvania boundary. In this county is found the nar- 

286 



COUNTY HISTORIES. 287 

rowest part of the State, and it is conspicuous by reason of 
the fact that coal mining and manufactures give occupation 
and support to the great majority of its people, whose 
number places Allegany next to Baltimore County in popu- 
lation. The coal fields cover 64,000 acres in what is known 
as the George's Creek (named after Washington) Coal 
Basin, west of Cumberland, between Dan's Mountain and 
Savage Mountain. The county is rich in other mineral 
deposits also — fire clay, cement, iron ore, Medina sand- 
stone, etc. The George's Creek Coal Basin is a part of that 
greatest of all coal deposits, the Allegheny field, which 
extends from Pennsylvania to Alabama. In Maryland the 
deposit is of a semibituminous variety, highly prized for its 
peculiar qualities and unrivaled steam-making power. The 
limestone and clay lands and the Potomac "bottoms," in 
parts of Allegany, are exceeding fertile and produce potatoes, 
wheat, corn, buckwheat, oats and grass in large crops. 
Fruits, especially apples, flourish on the mountain sides. 
The county is very progressive and the standard of educa- 
tion, particularly among the miners, is high. Vast sums of 
capital are invested in Allegany industries, and some of 
these are among the most extensive of their kind in the 
United States. Tin-plate, leather, cement, lumber, ma- 
chinery, flour, glass, and many other products of the county 
are shipped far and near. Next to Baltimore, Cumber- 
land, with a population of 17,128, is the largest city in the 
State, and is constantly growing in material resources and 
size. It is the business centre of a territory which extends 
into Pennsylvania and West Virginia. It is 178 miles from 
Baltimore and 149 from Pittsburg, and is reached by the 
Baldmore and Ohio, West Virginia Central (of which it is 
the eastern terminus) and Cumberland and Pennsylvania 
Railroads, the latter a part of the Pennsylvania system. 



268 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal extends from Cumberland 
to Georgetown, D.C. Fort Cumberland, where Braddock 
camped, was the starting point of the present city. Incident 
and legend, dealing with Indian, British, French and Civil 
Wars, cluster about Cumberland, and the topography and 
nomenclature of this region are suggestive. Frostburg, 
17 miles westward of Cumberland, is a city of 5,274 popula- 
tion, on a plateau at an elevation of 1,700 feet above sea 
level. The second State Normal School is at Frostburg. 
Lonaconing, a mining town of 2,181 population, is in south- 
western Allegany ; Westernport, Midland, Barton, Mount 
Savage, Ocean, Flintstone, Orleans, Pekin are other towns. 





COURT HOUSE AT WESTMINSTER. 



CARROLL. 

Carroll County was formed in 1836 from the counties 
of Baltimore and Frederick, between which it lies, with 
Howard on the south and Pennsylvania on the north. The 
county has an area of 437 square miles and was named 
in memory of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, who died in 
1832, the last survivor of the signers of the Declaration of 
Independence. The surface is diversified, being level, 
undulating or broken, watered by fine streams issuing from 
innumerable springs which make up the tributaries of the 
Potomac, the Monocacy and the Patapsco. These streams 
furnish motive power for cotton and woolen factories, and 
many flourishing mills. The soils being limestone, slate 
and iron, are fertile and easily improved. These lands 

289 



290 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

respond bountifully to the efforts of the agriculturist, whose 
products are corn, wheat, rye, oats, buckwheat, hay and 
potatoes. In many sections grazing is fine, and dairy farm- 
ing is profitable. Limestone is quarried in large quantities 
for lime-making; and granite, marble and brownstone fur- 
nish excellent building material. Iron, copper, soapstone 
and flint are found in quantities sufficient to be worked with 
profit. Ample facilities for speedy and satisfactory transac- 
tion of business are furnished by fourteen banks, in which 
the deposits amount to between two and three million 
dollars. Westminster, with a population of 3,199 is the 
county seat. Other towns ranging in population from 
1,200 to 500 are Union Bridge, Taneytown, Manchester, 
Hampstead, Sykesville, New Windsor and Mt. Airy. Carroll 
was the first county in the United States to establish rural 
free delivery of mail. In 1899 the system went into opera- 
tion, and at present four wagons and forty-six carriers dis- 
tribute mail in all parts of the county. The Western 
Maryland, Baltimore and Ohio and Frederick Division of 
the Pennsylvania are the Carroll railroads. The Western 
Maryland College and the Westminster Theological Semi- 
nary of the Methodist Protestant Church are at Westminster, 
and New Windsor College, at New Windsor. 




COURT HOUSE AT ELLICOTT CITY. 



HOWARD. 

Howard County, organized in 185 1, bears the name of 
John Eager Howard, one of the most ilkistrious soldiers of 
the Revolution, and afterward Governor of Maryland and 
United States Senator. It is triangular in shape, lying be- 
tween Baltimore, Carroll, Frederick, Montgomery, Prince 
George's and Anne Arundel Counties, in the heart of the 

291 



2d^ HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

Western Shore. The Patapsco forms its northern border, 
and two small branches of the Patuxent extend into Howard 
from the Anne Arundel line. Another branch of the same 
river separates it from Montgomery. The main stem of the 
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, the section of which from Balti- 
more to EUicott's Mills was the first passenger railroad built 
in this country, runs along Howard's northern border, and 
the Washington Branch of the same road along its southern. 
The corner-stone of the Baltimore and Ohio was laid July 4, 
1828, by Charles Carroll, then upwards of ninety years old, 
and he said of this act that he considered it second only to 
his signing the Declaration, if *' even it be second to that." 
The area of the county is 250 square miles, and its topog- 
raphy is hilly and broken, with heavy forests and fertile 
hillsides and valleys, the arable land being especially adapted 
to wheat, corn, and hay. As early as 1800 the iron ore de- 
posits of Howard led to the building of the Avalon Iron 
Works, and Howard ore is now the only Maryland product 
of the kind being smelted. In granite, marble, and building 
stones Howard is especially rich. Guilford and Woodstock 
granites are known throughout the United States. Ellicott 
City, the county seat, on the Patapsco River, fifteen miles 
from Baltimore, is joined to the latter by an electric road. 
EUicott's Mills, as it was known from 1774 until the latter 
years of the past century, is noted in Maryland history. The 
manufacture of flour was begun here by the EUicotts in that 
year, and this industry is an important one in this section of 
the State. The town has a population of 1,331. Rock Hill 
College, a widely known educational institution, is located 
here. Woodstock and St. Charles Colleges and the Ilchester 
Redemptorist institution in Howard have made the county 
known wherever the Roman Catholic faith is preached. At 
Alberton and Savage are large cotton mills operated by 



COUNTY HISTORIES. 



293 



water power. Howard has been the birthplace or the home 
of many Marylanders noted in poUtical Hfe, on the bench 
and in the arts and sciences, and on her territory was first 
heard in Maryland the demand for separation from the 
mother country. 





COURT HOUSE AT SALISBURY. 

WICOMICO. 

Wicomico County lies southeast 'of Dorset, the division 
line between the two being the Nanticoke River. Delaware 
on the north, Worcester on the east, and Worcester and 
Somerset on the south form the land boundaries of Wicomico, 
and the Nanticoke River extends along its western side, 
emptying into Tangier Sound. The area of the county is 
365 square miles, and its name is taken from the river which 
flows through its central section into Monie Bay. Salisbury, 
the county seat (1732), is one of the most thriving commer- 
cial towns on the Eastern Shore, and has a population of 
4,277. It is incorporated as a city, and has numerous man- 

294 



COUNTY HISTORIES. 295 

ufactures, mostly associated with the extensive lumber inter- 
ests of the county. Salisbury is noted for the beauty of its 
situation and its substantial business buildings and modern 
homes. Delmar, partly in Wicomico and partly in Delaware, 
is a goodly sized town, and Tyaskin, Nanticoke, Powellsville, 
Quantico, Pittsville, Parsonburg, Wango, Fruitland and 
other villages are the centres of thriving communities. Agri- 
culture is the occupation of many of the people, and fruit- 
growing is largely and successfully engaged in, as is also 
trucking. The melon crop is an important one. With its 
fine transpprtation facilities, Wicomico, like Somerset, al- 
though, perhaps, in a greater degree, is in competition with 
the truck farmers of Virginia in the Northern markets. 
Light, sandy soils, overlying stiff clays, are found in Wico- 
mico, and there are areas of gum swamp land and of loams, 
the " black loam " along the edge of Delaware being very 
fertile. Mardela Springs, a village of several hundred in- 
habitants, is well-known in history as the local location of 
" Barren Creek Springs," the fame of whose medicinal waters 
covers over a century. In the early days of the State, these 
mineral springs were a favorite resort of persons from the 
middle Atlantic coast territory. Francis Makemie established 
a Presbyterian church in Wicomico (then Somerset) County 
before the formation, in 1706, of the American Presbytery 
in Philadelphia, and is called the founder of the Presbyterian 
Church in America. The Baltimore, Chesapeake and At- 
lantic Railway, and in New York, Philadelphia and Norfolk 
Railroad, run through Wicomico. 




COURT HOUSE AT OAKLAND. 



GARRETT. 

Garrett, the youngest of the counties of Maryland, was 
carved out of territory belonging to Allegany County, in 
1872. Its first election for county officers was held Janu- 
ary 7, 1873. John W. Garrett, then president of the Balti- 
more and Ohio Railroad, for whom the county was named, 
was instrumental in its establishment. In area Garrett is 
the largest county in the State — 660 square miles. It is 
largely mountainous, lying in the great plateau of the Alle- 
ghanies, and contains much uncleared land. It has rich 
deposits of iron ore, fire clay, and other minerals, especially 
coal ; but the chief industries are farming, stock raising, and 
lumbering. Oakland, its county seat, is 2,800 feet above 
sea level, and is noted as a summer resort. Mountain Lake 
Park, widely known for its Chautauqua and camp-meeting, 

2U0 



COUNTY HISTORIES. 297 

and Deer Park are also in Garrett. The people of the 
county are purely American, there being few residents of 
foreign birth, and only a half-hundred negroes. The rivers 
and streams of the county abound in game fish — bass and 
trout — and deer, pheasants, wild turkeys, etc., make it the 
same sportsmen's paradise it was in the days of Meshach 
Browning, hunter and author. Occasionally, in the moun- 
tain fastnesses, a bear is seen. Its deer shooting has long 
attracted hunters from all over the country, and the glades 
and uplands are yearly alive with pheasants and wild turkeys. 
Wheat, potatoes, corn, buckwheat, and hay, are leading 
Garrett crops. The maple forests of the county yield annu- 
ally about a quarter of a million pounds of maple sugar. 
Wild honey is abundant. The Baltimore and Ohio, W^est 
Virginia Central, and Oakland and State Line are Garrett 
railroads. The lumber industry in Garrett has long been 
its chief manufacturing interest. The first saw mill — fore- 
runner of the many that have leveled the primeval forests 
of the county — was owned by Philip Hare, and placed in 
operation near Grantsville about 1790. Valuable and pro- 
ductive farms have been made of the fertile limestone lands. 
Oakland* is 246 miles from Baltimore and 600 from Chicago. 
Selbysport, Swanton, Accident, Grantsville, Friendship, 
Keyser, Mineral Springs, Krug, Thayersville, Finzel, are 
among the Garrett towns, and it is notable in physical geog- 
raphy as the only Maryland county having rivers flowing 
westward as well as eastward. The Youghiogheny rises in 
Garrett and is a tributary of the Ohio. 

* Population, 1,170. 



APPENDIX. 



A. 

A LIST OF THE GOVERNORS OF MARYLAND. 

PROPRIETARY GOVERNORS. 

1633. Leonard Calvert. 

1647. Thomas Greene. 

1649. William Stone. 

1652. Commissioners of Parliament; Richard Bennett and others. 

1654. Commissioners; William Fuller and others. 

1656. Josias Fendall. 

1660. Philip Calvert. 

1661. Charles Calvert. 

1676. Cecilius Calvert, a minor; Jesse Wharton and Thomas 
Notley, Deputy Governors in succession. 

1676. Thomas Notley. 

1679. Charles, Lord Baltimore. 

1684. Benedict Leonard Calvert, a minor ; the Council carried on 
the government. 

1688. William Joseph, President of the Council, Acting Gov- 

ernor. 

1689. Convention of Protestant Associations. 

ROYAL GOVERNORS. 

1692. Sir Lionel Copley. 

1693. Sir Edmund Andros. 

1694. Sir Thomas Lawrence, President of the Council. 
1694. Francis Nicholson. 

1699. Nathaniel Blackiston. 

1702. Thomas Tench, President of the Council 

1704. John Seymour. 

1709. Edward Lloyd, President of the Council. 

1714. John Hart. 

299 



300 APPENDIX. 

PROPRIETARY GOVERNORS. 



I715 
1720 
1720 

1727 

1732 

1733 
1742 

1747 

1752 

1753 



John Hart. 

Thomas Brooke, President of the Council 

Charles Calvert. 

Benedict Leonard Calvert. 

Samuel Ogle. 

Charles, Lord Baltimore. 

Samuel Ogle. 

Thomas Bladen. 

Samuel Ogle. 

Benjamin Tasker, President of the Council. 

Horatio Sharpe- 



1769 to 1776. Robert Eden. 

THE REVOLUTION. 

1774 to 1777. Convention and Council of Safety. 

STATE GOVERNORS. 



1777- 


Thomas Johnson. 


1779. 


Thomas Sim Lee. 


1782. 


William Paca. 


1785. 


William Small wood. 


1788. 


John Eager Howard. 


1791. 


George Plater. 


1792. 


James Brice. 


1792. 


Thomas Sim Lee. 


1794- 


John Hoskins Stone. 


1797. 


John Henry. 


1798. 


Benjamin Ogle. 


1801. 


John Francis Mercer. 


1803. 


Robert Bowie. 


1806. 


Robert Wright. 


1809. 


James Butcher. 


1809. 


Edward Lloyd. 


1811. 


Robert Bowie. 


1812. 


Levin Winder. 


1816. 


Charles Ridgely of Hampton 


1819. 


Charles Goldsborough. 


1819. 


Samuel Sprigg. 



APPENDIX, SOI 



1822. Samuel Stevens, Jr. 

1826. Joseph Kent. 

1829. Daniel Martin, 

1830. Thomas King Carroll. 

1831. Daniel Martin. 
1831. George Howard. 
1833. James Thomas. 

1836. Thomas Ward Veazey. 

1839. Wilham Grason. 

1842. Francis Thomas. 

1845. Thomas G. Pratt. 

1848. Philip Francis Thomas. 

1 85 1. Enoch Louis Lowe. 

1854. Thomas Watkins Ligon. 

1858. Thomas Holliday Hicks. 

1862. Augustus Williamson Bradford, 

1865. Thomas Swann. 

1868. Oden Bowie. 

1872. WiUiam Pinkney Whyte. 

1874. James Black Groome. 

1876. John Lee Carroll. 

1880. WiUiam T. Hamilton. 

1884. Robert Milligan McLane, 

1885. Henry Lloyd. 

1888. Elihu Emory Jackson. 

1892. Frank Brown. 

1896. Lloyd Lowndes. 

1900. John Walter Smith. 

1904. Edwin Warfield. 



302 



APPENDIX. 



B. 

STATISTICS OF POPULATION, ETC 

POPULATION OF MARYLAND. 



Year. 


Whites. 


Negro Slaves. Fre 


e Blacl 


cs. TotaL 


1634 


about 






200 


1638 


. . 


. . 




700 


1660 


. 


• 




12,000 


1665 


. 


. . 




16,000 


1671 




. . 




20,000 


1701 








30,000 


1712 


?>7^7A3 


" 8,330 




46,073 


1715 


40,700 


9,500 




50,200 


1748 


94,000 


36,000 




130,000 


1756 


107,963 


46,225 




154,188 


1775 


about 






200,000 


1782 


170,688 


83,362 : 




254,050 


1790 


208,649 


103,036 


8,043 


319,728 


1800 


216,326 


105,635 


19,587 


341,548 


181O 


235,117 


111,502 


53,927 


380,546 


1820 


260,222 


107,398 : 


39,730 


407,350 


1830 


291,108 


102,994 


52,938 


447,040 


1840 


318,204 


89,737 ( 


32,078 


470,019 


1850 


418,590 


90,368 ) 


74,077 


583,035 


i860 


515 918 


87,189 i 


53,942 


687,049 


1870 


605.497 


... 1^ 


'5,391 


780,894 


1880 


724,693 


... 2 


0,230 


934,943 


1890 


826,493 


... 2 


5,657 


1,042,390 


1900 


952,424 


2' 


55,064 


1,188,044 



POPULATION OF BALTIMORE. 



Year. 


Population. 


Year. 


Population. 


Year. 


Population. 


1790 
1800 
1810 
1820 


13,503 
26,514 
46,555 
62,738 


1830 
1840 
1850 
i860 


80,620 
102,313 
169,054 
212,418 


1870 
1880 
1S90 
1900 


267,354 
332,313 

434439 
508,957 



APPENDIX. 



803 



CENSUS OF THE SEVERAL COUNTIES AND THEIR ALLOTMENT 

TO THE HOUSE OF DELEGATES UNDER 

STATE CENSUS, 1901. 



Population, 



Delegates. 



Baltimore City . . . 
Allegany County . .. 
Anne Arundel County 
Baltimore County . . 
Calvert County . . . 
Caroline County . . . 
Carroll County . . . 
Cecil County .... 
Charles County . . . 
Dorchester County . . 
Frederick County . . 
Garrett County . . . 
Harford County . . . 
Howard County . . . 
Kent County .... 
Montgomery County . 
Prince George's County 
Queen Anne's County . 
Somerset County . . 
St. Mary's County . . 
Talbot County . . . 
Washington County . 
Wicomico County . . 
Worcester County . . 



517,035 
53,304 
34,791 
88,028 

9,963 
16,792 

33,651 
24,450 
16,602 
28,293 
51,639 
17,386 
28,307 
16,276 
17,788 
29,155 
28,325 
18,568 
25,628 
16,890 
20,314 
44,491 
22,908 
20,805 



304 APPENDIX. 

TOWNS OF MARYLAND HAVING AT LEAST 
2,500 INHABITANTS. 

Baltimore City ....,0.00....... 508,957 

Cumberland o ....„..,..,.... . 17,128 

Hagerstown ..... ..^ ... ..o,. „ 13,591 

Frederick 9,296 

Annapolis . 8,525 

Cambridge 5,747 

Frostburg 5,274 

Salisbury 4,277 

Havre de Grace 3423 

Westminster 3, 199 

Crisfield 3,165 

Easton , 3,074 

Chestertown 3,008 

Elkton 2,542 

THE VALUE OF THE PRODUCTS OF THE STATE 
FOR THE YEAR 1 899- 

Products of manufactories ^242,552,990 

Farm Products 29,046,607 

Products of manufactories, by towns: 

Baltimore City . 161,249,240 

Cumberland 3,526,422 

Hagerstown 2,465,507 

Frederick 1,727,094 

Havre de Grace 1,372,420 

Commerce: 

Customs receipts from imports, 1902 . 4,699,116 

Value of exports, 1902 . . , . 74,097,708 



Appendix. 305 

THE ORIGIN OF THE NAMES OF THE COUNTIES OF MARYLAND, 
Nji'lTH THE DATE OF THEIR FORMATION. 

DATE OF 
COUNTY. ORIGIN OF NAME. FORMATION. 

St. Mary's — In honor of the Virgin Mary. 1637 

Kent — After the County of Kent in England. 1642 
Anne Arundel — After Lady Anne Arundel, wife of Cecilius, 

second Lord Baltimore. 1650 

Calvert — The family name of the Proprietors. 1654 

(^"l-iaj-les— After Charles, Lord Baltimore. 1658 
Baltimore — From the Proprietor's Irish barony; the Celtic 

name meaning "large town." 1659 
Talbot— After Lord Talbot, uncle of Lady Baltimore. 1661 
Somerset — After Lady Mary Somerset, sister of Lord Bal- 
timore. 1666 
Dorchester — In honor of the Earl of Dorset. 1668 
Cecil — In honor of Cecilius, second Lord Baltimore. 1674 
Prince George's — After Prince George of Denmark. 1695 
Queen Anne's— In honor of Queen Anne of England. 1706 
Worcester— After the Earl of Worcester. 1742 
Frederick— In honor of Frederick, Prince of Wales. 1748 
CaroHne — After Lady Caroline Calvert, sister to Frederick, 

Lord Baltimore. ^773 

Harford— After Henry Harford, the last Proprietor. 1773 

Washington — In honor oi George Washington. 1776 

Montgomery — After General Montgomery. 1776 

Allegany — After an Indian tribe, the Alligewi. 1789 

Carroll — After Charles Carroll of CarroUton. 1836 

Howard — After John Eager Howard. 185 1 

Wicomico — After the river of that name. 1867 

Garrett — After John W. Garrett. 1872 



306 APPENDIX. 



C. 

ARTICLES FROM THE CONSTITUTION OF 1864. 

Article V. — The Constitution of the United States and the 
laws made in pursuance thereof, being the Supreme law of the 
land, every citizen of this State owes paramount allegiance to 
the Constitution and Government of the United States, and is 
not bound by any law or ordinance of this State in contravention 
or subversion thereof. 

Article XXIV. — That hereafter, in this State, there shall be 
neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except in punishment 
of crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted ; and 
all persons held to service or labor as slaves are hereby declared 
free. 



THE "IRON-CLAD" OATH. 

I do swear (or affirm) that I am a citizen of the United States, 
that I have never given any aid, countenance or support to those 
in armed hostility to the United States; that I have never ex- 
pressed a desire for the triumph of said enemies over the arms 
of the United States, and that I will bear true faith and allegiance 
to the United States, and support the Constitution and laws 
thereof as the supreme law of the land, any law or ordinance of 
any State to the contrary notwithstanding; that I will in all 
respects demean myself as a loyal citizen of the United States, 
and I make this oath (or affirmation) without any reservation or 
evasion, and believe it to be binding on me. 



APPENDIX. 307 

D. 

A TABLE OF THE PRINCIPAL DATES IN THE HISTORY 
OF MARYLAND. 

579. George Calvert, first Lord Baltimore, born. 

606. Cecilius Calvert born. 

632. April 15. George Calvert died. 

632. June 20. Cecilius Calvert receives the charter of Maryland. 

633. November 22. The Ark and the Dove sail from England. 

634. March 25. The first settlers arrive in Maryland. 

635. The first General Assembly. 
635. Seizure of Claiborne's ships. 

63<S. Kent Island awarded to Lord Baltimore. 

644. Claiborne and Ingle's rebellion. 

645. Claiborne and Ingle driven from the colony. 
649. April 21. The Toleration Act passed. 

649. Puritans settle in Maryland. 

649. Providence or Annapolis founded. 

654. Puritans get control of the government. 

655. The battle of the Severn. 
658. End of the Puritan revolt. 

675. November 30. Cecilius Calvert died. 

689. The Proprietary government overthrown. 

691. Maryland becomes a royal colony. 

695. First post route established. 

696. King William School founded. 

715. The Proprietary government restored. 

727. First newspaper published. 

730. Baltimore founded. 

745. Frederick founded. 

760. Northern boundary agreed upon. 

763-67. Mason and Dixon's line surveyed, 

769. Hagerstown founded. 

771. Death of Frederick, the last Lord Baltimore 

774. October 19. The Peggy Stewart burned. 

776. June 24. The end of the tolonial Government. 

776. June 28. Maryland concurs in declaring independence. 

776. August 14. First Constitutional Convention. 

776. The Constitution adopted. 



808 APPENDIX. 

1777. February 5. First General Assembly of the State of 
Maryland. 

1 781. March i. Maryland ratifies the Articles of Confederation. 

1782. Washington College founded. 

1783. The importation of slaves forbidden. 

1784. The remainder of the northern boundary surveyed. 

1785. St. John's College chartered. 

1788. April 28. Maryland ratifies the Constitution of the United 
States. 

1795. Earliest labor strike in Maryland. 

1796. Baltimore incorporated. 

1802. The property qualification for the franchise abolished. 

1807. The University of Maryland chartered. 

1808. Rise of home manufactures in Maryland. 
1812. Chesapeake Bay declared blockaded. 
1814. August 24. The battle of Bladensburg. 
1814. August 30. The battle of Caulk's Field. 
1814. September 12. The batde of North Point 
1825. Enfranchisement of the Jews. 

1825. Beginning of the Public School system. 

1828. July 4. The corner-stone of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 

road laid in Baltimore. 

1829. September 21. The first Public School in Baltimore 

opened. 

1830. First steam locomotive used on the Baltimore and Ohio 

Railroad. 

1835. The State invests in the stock of corporations. 

1839. October 20. The Baltimore City College opened. 

1842. Suspension of interest payments. 

1844. The Baltimore Female High Schools established. 

1844. The Maryland Historical Society founded. 

1848. Resumption of interest payments. 

1856. The Maryland Agricultural College founded. 

1861. April 19. Baltimore mob attacks Federal troops. 

1862. First invasion of Maryland by the Confederates. 

1862. September 17. The batde of Antietam. 

1863. Second invasion of Maryland. 

1864. Third invasion of Maryland. 

1864. Slavery abolished. 

1865. The State Normal School founded. 



APPENDIX. 309 

1867. The rights of citizenship restored to Southern sympa- 
thizers. 

1867. The present State Constitution adopted. 

1870. Colored men vote for the first time. 

1876. February 22. The Johns Hopkins University opened. 

1877. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad strike. 
1890. Adoption of the secret ballot system, 
1904. Great fire in Baltimore. 



310 ' APPENDIX. 

E. 

A LIST OF BOOKS FOR CONSULTATION. 
Chapter I. 

The Discovery of America. By John Fiske. Houghton, Mifflin 

&Co. 
Christopher Columbus and how he Received and Imparted the 

Spirit of Discovery. By Justin \Vinsor. Houghton, Mifflin 

&Co. ^ 

Narrative and Critical History of America. Edited by Justin 

Winsor. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Vol. i, pp. xix-xxxvii. 

Chapter II. 

Maryland, the History of a Palatinate. By Wm. Hand Browne. 

American Commonwealths Series. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 
Old Virginia and Her Neighbours. By John Fiske. Houghton, 

Mifflin & Co. 
George Calvert and Cecilius Calvert. By Wm. Hand Browne. 

Makers of America Series. Dodd, Mead & Co. 
Maryland as a Proprietary Province. By Newton D. Mereness. 

The Macmillan Company. 
The Lords Baltimore and the Maryland Palatinate. By Clayton 

Colman Hall John Murphy Co. 
Chronicles of Colonial Maryland. By J. Walter Thomas. Cush- 

ing & Co. 
Captain Richard Ingle. By Edward Ingle. Maryland Historical 

Society Fund Publication, No. 19. 

Chapter III. 

Browne's Maryland. 

Fiske's Old Virginia and Her Neighbours. 

Browne's George and Cecilius Calvert. 

Mereness' Maryland. 

Hall's The Lords Baltimore. 

The Foundation of Maryland and the Origin of the Act Concern- 
ing Religion. By Bradley T. Johnson. Maryland Historical 
Society Fund Publication, No. 18. 



APPENDIX. 311 

Chapter IV. 
Browne's Maryland. 
Mereness' Maryland. 

Fiske's Old Virginia and Her Neighbours. 
Hall's The Lords Baltimore. 
Causes of the Maryland Revolution of 1689. By Francis E. 

Sparks. Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and 

Political Science. Vol. XIV. 

Chapter V. 
Browne's Maryland. 

Fiske's Old Virginia and Her Neighbours. 
Mereness' Maryland. 
Men, Women and Manners in Colonial Times. By Sidney G. 

Fisher. J. B. Lippincott Company. 
Home Life in Colonial Days. By Ahce M. Earle. The Macmil- 

lan Company. 
Child Life in Colonial Days. By Alice M. Earle. The Macmillan 

Company. 
More Colonial Homesteads and their Stories. By Marion Har- 

land. G. P. Putnam's Sons. 
Some Colonial Mansions. Edited by Thomas A. Glenn. Second 

series. H. T. Coates & Co. 
Historic Towns of the Southern States. Edited by Lyman P. 

Powell. G. P. Putnam's Sons. 
The Germans in Colonial Times. By Lucy F. Bittenger. J. B. 

Lippincott Company. 

Chapter VI. 

The American Revolution. By John Fiske. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 
Browne's Maryland. 
Mereness' Maryland. 

Life of Charles Carroll of CarroUton. By Kate M. Rowland. 
G. P. Putnam's Sons. 

Chapter VII. 
Fiske's American Revolution. 
Maryland and North Carolina in the Campaign of 17S0-17S1, By 

E. G. Daves. Maryland Historical Society Fund Publication, 

No. 33. 



312 APPENDIX. 

Chapter VIII. 

The Critical Period of American History. By John Fiske. 
Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 

Maryland's Influence Upon Land Cessions to the United States. 
By Herbert B. Adams. Johns Hopkins University Studies in 
Historical and Political Science. Third series, No. i. 

Chapter X. 

Domestic Manners of the Americans. By Mrs. Trollope. 
The Western World ; or, Travels in the United States in 1846- 
1847. By Alexander Mackay. 

Chapter XL 

The Negro in Maryland. By Jeffrey R. Brackett. Johns Hop- 
kins University Studies in Historical and Political Science. 

Division and Reunion. By Woodrow Wilson. Epochs of Ameri- 
can History Series. Longmans, Green »t Co. 

Chapter XII. 

Wilson's Division and Reunion. 

The Maryland Constitution of 1S64. By William S. Myers. 

Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political 

Science. 

Chapter XIV. 

Institutions and Civil Government of Maryland. By Bernard C. 
Steiner. Ginn & Co. 

Chapter XV. 

History of Education in Maryland. By Bernard C. Steiner. 
United States Bureau of Education. 

Chapter XVI. 

Maryland As It Is. Published by the Board of Public Works. 

Maryland : Its Resources, Industries and Institutions. Edited by 
Members of the Johns Hopkins University and others. Pub- 
lished by the State. 



APPENDIX. ■ 313 

In addition to the foregoing the following works may be con- 
sulted to advantage : 
History of Maryland. By J. Thomas Scharf. J. B. Piet. This 

work covers the history of Maryland from its foundation to 

the year 1880. 
A History of the People of the United States from the Revolution 

to the Civil War. By John B. Macmaster. D. Appleton 

&Co. 
Winsor's Narrative and Critical History of America. Vol. V. 

pp. 259-284, treats of Maryland and Virginia. 
Chronicles of Baltimore. By J. Thomas Scharf. 
Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia. D. Appleton & Co. 
The Sun Almanac. Published by the Baltimore Sun. 

Fiction. 

Rob of the Bowl. By John P. Kennedy. G. P. Putnam's Sons. 

Time of the Second Lord Baltimore. 
Richard Carvel. By Winston Churchill. The Macmillan Com- 
pany. Time of the Revolution. 
Mistress Brent. By Lucy M. Thruston. Little, Brown & Co. 

Time, 1638. 
The Tower of Wye. By William H. Babcock. H. T. Coates & 

Co. Time of Claiborne. 
Sir Christopher: A Romance of a Maryland Manor in 1644. 

By Maud W. Goodwin. Litde, Brown & Co. 
A Maryland Manor. By Frederick Emory. F. A. Stokes & Co. 

Time about that of the Civil War. 
Kent Fort Manor. By William H. Babcock. H. T. Coates & 

Co. Time, 1862. 
Jack and His Island. By Lucy M. Thruston. Little, Brown & 

Co. Time of the War of 1812. 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND. 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND, 

ADOPTED BY THE CONVENTION, 

WHICH ASSEMBLED AT THE CITY OF ANNAPOLIS. ON THE EIGHTH DAY OF MAY, 

EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND SIXTY-SEVEN, AND ADJOURNED ON THE 

SEVENTEENTH DAY OF AUGUST, EIGHTEEN 

HUNDRED AND SIXTY-SEVEN. 



DECLARATION OF RIGHTS. 

IVe, the People of the State of Maryland, grateful to Almishty God for our civil 
and religious liberty, and taking into our serious consideration the best 
means of establishing a good Constitution in this State for the sure founda- 
tion and more permanent security thereof, declare: 

ARTICLE 1. That all government of right originates from the people, 
is founded in compact only, and instituted solely for the good of the whole; 
and they have, at all times, the inalienable right to alter, reform or abolish 
their form of government, in such manner as they may deem expedient. 

ART. 2. The Constitution of the United States and the laws made, or 
which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which 
shall be made, under the authority of the United States, are, and shall be 
the supreme law of the State; and the Judges of this State, and all the 
people of this State, are, and shall be bound thereby; anything in the Con- 
stitution or law of this State to the contrary notwithstanding. 

ART. 3. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Consti- 
tution thereof, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States 
respectively, or to the people thereof. 

ART, 4. That the people of this State have the sole and exclusive right 
of regulating th'^ internal government and police thereof, as a free, sover- 
eign and independent State. 

ART. 6. That the inhabitants of Maryland are entitled to the common 
law of England, and the trial by jury, according to the course of that law, 
and to the benefit of such of the English statutes as existed on the fourth 
day of July, 1776; and which, by experience, have been found applicable 
to their local and other circumstances, and have been introduced, used and 
practiced by the courts of law or equity; and also of all Acts of Assembly 
in force on the first day of June, 1867; except such as may have since 

317 



318 DECLARATION OF RIGHTS 

expired, or may be inconsistent with the provisions of this Constitution; 
subject, nevertheless, to the revision of, and amendment or repeal by, the 
Legislature of this State. And the inhabitants of Maryland are also en- 
titled to all property derived to them from, or under the Charter granted 
by His Majesty Charles I. to Cecilius Calvert, Baron of Baltimore. 

ART. 6. That all persons invested with the legislative or executive 
powers of government are the trustees of the public; and, as such, ac- 
countable for their conduct; Wherefore, whenever the ends of government 
are perverted, and public liberty manifestly endangered, and all other 
means of redress are ineffectual, the people may, and of right ought, to 
reform the old, or establish a new government; the doctrine of non-resist- 
ance against arbitrary power and oppression is absurd, slavish and de- 
structive of the good and happiness of mankind. 

ART. 7. That the right of the people to participate in the Legislature 
is the best security of liberty and the foundation of all free government; 
for this purpose, elections ought to be free and frequent; and every * 
male citizen, having the qualifications prescribed by the Constitution, 
ought to have the right of suffrage. 

ART. 8. That the legislative, executive and judicial powers of govern- 
ment ought to be forever separate and distinct from each other; and no 
person exercising the functions of one of said departments shall assume 
or discharge the duties of any other. 

ART. 9. That no power of suspending laws or the execution of laws, 
unless by, or derived from the Legislature, ought to be exercised, or 
allowed. 

ART. 10. That freedom of speech and debate, or proceedings in the 
Legislature, ought not to be impeached in any court of judicature. 

ART. 11. That Annapolis be the place of meeting of the Legislature; 
and the Legislature ought not to be convened, or held at any other place 
but from evident necessity. 

ART. 12. That for redress of grievances, and for amending, strengthen- 
ing and preserving the laws, the Legislature ought to be frequently con- 
vened. 

ART. 13. That every man hath a right to petition the Legislature for 
the redress of grievances in a peaceable and orderly manner. 

ART. 14. That no aid, charge, tax, burthen or fees ought to be rated 
or levied, under any pretence, without the consent of the Legislature. 

ART. 15. That the levying of taxes by the poll is grievous and oppres- 
sive, and ought to be prohibited; that paupers ought not to be assessed 
for the support of the Government; but every person in the State, or per- 
son holding property therein, ought to contribute his proportion of public 
taxes for the support of the Government, according to his actual worth in 
real or personal property; yet, fines, duties or taxes may properly and 
justly be imposed, or laid, with a political view for the good government 
and benefit of the community. 



*The word "white," omitted under the 15th Amendment to the Con- 
stitution of the United States. 



DECLARATION OF RIGHTS 319 

ART. 16. That sanguinary laws ought to be avoided as far as it is con- 
sistent with the safety of the State; and no law to inflict cruel and unusual 
pains and penalties ought to be made in any case, or at any time, here- 
after. 

ART. 17. That retrospective laws, punishing acts committed before the 
existence of such laws, and by them only declared criminal, are oppressive, 
unjust and incompatible with liberty; wherefore, no ex post facto law ought 
to be made; nor any retrospective oath or restriction be imposed, or 
required. 

ART. 18. That no law to attaint particular persons of treason or felony, 
ought to be made in any case, or at any time, hereafter. 

ART. 19. That every man, for any injury done to him in his person or 
property, ought to have remedy by the course of the law of the land, and 
ought to have justice and right, freely without sale, fully without any 
denial, and speedily without delay, according to the law of the land. 

ART. 20. That the trial of facts, where they arise, is one of the greatest 
securities of the lives, liberties and estate of the people, 

ART. 21. That in all criminal prosecutions, every man hath a right to 
be informed of the accusation against him; to have a copy of the indict- 
ment, or charge, in due time (if required) to prepare for his defence; to be 
allowed counsel; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have 
process for his witnesses; to examine the witnesses for and against him 
on oath; and to a speedy trial by an impartial jury, without whose unani- 
mous consent he ought not to be found guilty. 

ART. 22. That no man ought to be compelled to give evidence against 
himself in a criminal case. 

ART. 23. That no man ought to be taken or imprisoned or disseized 
of his freehold, liberties or privileges, or outlawed, or exiled, or, in any 
manner, destroyed, or deprived of his life, liberty or property, but by the 
judgment of his peers, or by the law of the land. 

ART. 24. That slavery shall not be re-established in this State; but 
having been abolished, under the policy and authority of the United States, 
compensation, in consideration thereof, is due from the United States. 

ART. 25. That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive 
fines imposed, nor cruel or unusual punishment inflicted, by the courts of 
law. 

ART. 26. That all warrants, without oath or affirmation, to search sus- 
pected places, or to seize any person or property, are grievous and oppres- 
sive; and all general warrants to search suspected places, or to apprehend 
suspected persons, without naming or describing the place, or the person 
in special, are illegal, and ought not to be granted. 

ART. 27. That no conviction shall work corruption of blood or for- 
feiture of estate. 

ART. 28. That a well regulated militia is the proper and natural de- 
fence of a free government. 

ART. 29. That standing armies are dangerous to liberty, and ought not 
to be raised, or kept up, without the consent of the Legislature. 



320 DECLARATION OF RIGHTS 

ART. 30. That in all cases, and at all times, the military ought to be 
under strict subordination to, and control of, the civil power. 

ART. 31. That no soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any 
house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, except in the 
manner prescribed by law. 

ART. 32. That no person except regular soldiers, marines, and mariners 
in the service of this State, or militia, when in actual service, ought, in 
any case, to be subject to, or punishable by martial law. 

ART. 33. That the independency and uprightness of judges are essential 
to the impartial administration of justice, and a great security to the rights 
and liberties of the people; Wherefore, the judges shall not be removed, 
except in the manner, and for the causes, provided in this Constitution. 
No judge shall hold any other office, civil or military, or political trust, 
or employment of any kind, whatsoever, under the Constitution or laws 
of this State, or of the United States, or any of them; or receive fees, or 
perquisites of any kind, for the discharge of his official duties. 

ART. 34. That a long continuance in the executive departments of 
power or trust is dangerous to liberty; a rotation therefore, in those depart- 
ments is one of the best securities of permanent freedom. 

ART. 35. That no person shall hold, at the same time, more than one 
office of profit, created by the Constitution or laws of this State; nor shall 
any person in public trust receive any present from any foreign prince 
or State, or from the United States, or any of them, without the approba- 
tion of this State. 

ART. 36. That as it is the duty of every man to worship God in such 
manner as he thinks most acceptable to him, all persons are equally en- 
titled to protection in their religious liberty; wherefore, no person ought, 
by any law to be molested in his person or estate, on account of his religious 
persuasion, or profession, or for his religious practice, unless, under the 
color of religion, he shall disturb the good order, peace or safety of the 
State, or shall infringe the laws of morality, or injure others in their 
natural, civil or religious rights; nor ought any person to be compelled 
to frequent, or maintain, or contribute, unless on contract, to maintain, 
any place of worship, or any ministry; nor shall any person, otherwise com- 
petent, be deemed incompetent as a witness, or juror, on account of his 
religious belief; provided, he believes in the existence of God, and that 
undei his dispensation such person will be held morally accountable for 
his acts, and be rewarded or punished therefor either in this world or the 
world to come. 

ART. 37. That no religious test ought ever to be required as a quali. 
fication for any office of profit or trust in this State, other than a declara- 
tion of belief in the existence of God; nor shall the Legislature prescribe 
any other oath of office than the oath prescribed by this Constitution. 

ART. 38. That every gift, sale or devise of land, to any minister, public 
teacher or preacher of the gospel, as such, or to any religious sect, order 
or denomination, or to, or for the support, use or benefit of, or in trust 
for. any minister, public teacher or preacher of the gospel, as such, or any 



DECLARATION OF RIGHTS S2l 

religious sect, order or denomination; and every gift or sale of goods, or 
chattels, to go in succession, or to take place after the death of the seller 
or donor, to or for such support, use or benefit; and also every devise of 
goods or chattels to or for the support, use, or benefit of any minister, 
public teacher or preacher of the gospel, as such, or any religious sect, 
order, or denomination, without the prior, or subsequent sanction of the 
Legislature, shall be void; except always, any sale, gift, lease or devise of 
any quantity of land, not exceeding five acres, for a church, meeting house, 
or other house of worship, or parsonage, or for a burying ground, which 
shall be improved, enjoyed, or used only for such purpose; or such sale, 
gift, lease, or devise shall be void. 

ART. 39. That the manner of administering an oath or affirmation to 
any person, ought to be such as those of the religious persuasion, profes- 
sion, or denomination, of which he is a member, generally esteem the 
most effectual confirmation by the attestation of the Divine Being. 

ART. 40. That the liberty of the press ought to be inviolably preserved; 
that every citizen of the State ought to be allowed to speak, write and pub- 
lish his sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that 
privilege. 

ART. 41. That monopolies are odious, contrary to the spirit of a free 
government and the principles of commerce, and ought not to be suffered. 

ART. 42. That no title of nobility or hereditary honors ought to be 
granted in this State. 

ART. 43. That the Legislature ought to encourage the diffusion of 
knowledge and virtue, the extension of a judicious system of general 
education, the promotion of literature, the arts, sciences, agriculture, com- 
merce and manufactures, and the general melioration of the condition 
of the people. 

ART. 44. That the provisions of the Constitution of the United States, 
and of this State, apply, as well in time of war, as in time of peace; and 
any departure therefrom, or violation thereof, under the plea of necessity, 
or any other plea, is subversive of good government, and tends to anarchy 
and despotism. 

ART. 45. This enumeration of rights shall not be construed to impair or 
deny others retained by the people. 



322 CONSTITUTION OF THE 



CONSTITUTION. 



ARTICLE I. 

ELECTIVE FRANCHISE. 

SECTION 1. All elections shall be by ballot; and every male citizen of 
the United States, of the age of twenty-one years, or upwards, who has 
been a resident of the State for one year, and of the legislative district of 
Baltimore City, or of the county, in which he may offer to vote, for six 
months next preceding the election, shall be entitled to vote, in the ward or 
election district, in which he resides, at all elections hereafter to be held in 
this State; and in case any county, or city, shall be so divided as to form 
portions of different electoral districts, for the election of Representatives in 
Congress, Senators, Delegates, or other officers, then, to entitle a person io 
vote for such officer, he must have been a resident of that part of the county, 
or city, which shall form a part of the electoral district, in which he offers to 
vote, for six months next preceding the election; but a person, who shall 
have acquired a residence in such county, or city, entitling him to vote at 
any such election, shall be entitled to vote in the election district from which 
he removed, until he shall have acquired a residence in the part of the 
county, or city, to which he has removed. 

SEC. 2. No person above the age of twenty-one years, convicted of lar- 
ceny, or other infamous crime, unless pardoned by the Governor, shall ever 
thereafter be entitled to vote at any election in this State; and no person 
under guardianship, as a lunatic, or, as a person 7ion compos mentis, shall be 
entitled to vote. 

SEC. 3. If any person shall give, or offer to give, directly or indirectly, 
any bribe, present, or reward, or any promise, or any security for the pay- 
ment, or the delivery of money, or any other thing, to induce any voter to 
refrain from casting his vote, or to prevent him, in any way, from voting, or 
to procure a vote for any candidate, or person proposed, or voted for, as 
Elector of President and Vice-President of the United States, or Repre- 
sentative in Congress, or for any office of profit or trust, created by the 
Constitution or laws of this State, or by the ordinances, or authority of 
the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, the person giving, or offering 
to give, and the person receiving the same, and any person, who gives, or 
causes to be given, an illegal vote, knowing it to be such, at any election 
to be hereafter held in this State, shall, on conviction in a court of law, 
in addition to the penalties now, or hereafter to be, imposed by law, be for- 



STATE OF MARYLAND 323 

ever disqualified to hold any office of profit or trust, or to vote at any elec- 
tion thereafter. 

SEC. 4. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to pass laws to 
punish, with fine and imprisonment, any person, who shall remove into any 
election district, or precinct of any ward of the city of Baltimore, not for 
the purpose of acquiring a bona Me residence therein, but for the purpose 
of voting at an approaching election, or, who shall vote in any election dis- 
trict, or ward, in which he does not reside (except in the case provided for 
in this article), or shall, at the same election, vote in more than one election 
district, or precinct, or shall vote, or offer to vote, in any name not his 
own, or in place of any other person of the same name, or shall vote in 
any county, in which he does not reside. 

SEC. 5. The General Assembly shall provide by law for a uniform regis- 
tration of the names of all the voters in this State, who possess the qualifi- 
cations prescribed in this Article, which registration shall be conclusive 
evidence to the judges of election of the right of every person, thus regis- 
tered, to vote at any election thereafter held in this State; but no person 
shall vote at any election. Federal or State, hereafter to be held in 
this State, or at any municipal election in the city of Baltimore, unless 
his name appears in the list of registered voters; and until the Gen- 
eral Assembly shall hereafter pass an Act for the registration of the names 
of voters, the law in force on the first day of June, in the year 1867, 
in reference thereto, shall be continued in force, except so far as it may be 
inconsistent with the provisions of this Constitution; and the registry of 
voters, made in pursuance thereof, may be corrected, as provided in said 
law; but the names of all persons shall be added to the list of qualified 
voters by the oiificers of registration, who have the qualifications prescribed 
in the first section of this Article, and who are not disqualified und^r the 
provisions of the second and third sections thereof. 

SEC. 6. Every person elected, or appointed, to any office of profit or 
trust, under this Constitution, or under the laws made pursuant thereto, 
shall, before he enters upon the duties of such office, take and subscribe the 

following oath or affirmation: I, , do swear (or affirm, as the case 

may be), that I will support the Constitution of the United States; and that 
I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to the State of Maryland, and 
support the Constitution and Laws thereof; and that I will, to the best of 
my skill and judgment, diligently and faithfully, without partiality or preju- 
dice, execute the office of , according to the Constitution and laws of 

this State, (and, if a Governor, Senator, Member of the House of Delegates, 
or Judge,) that I will not directly or indirectly, receive the profits or any 
part of the profits, of any other office during the term of my acting 

as . 

SEC. 7. Every person, hereafter elected, or appointed, to office, in this 
State, who shall refuse, or neglect, to take the oath, or affirmation of office, 
provided for in the sixth section of this Article, shall be considered as hav- 
ing refused to accept the said office; and a new election, or appointment, 
shall be made, as in case of refusal to accept, or resignation of an office; 



^2i CONSTITUTION OF THE 

and any person violating said oath, shall, on conviction thereof, in a court of 
law, in addition to the penalties now, or hereafter, to be imposed by law, 
be thereafter incapable of holding any office of profit or trust in this State. 



ARTICLE II. 

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 

SECTION 1. The Executive power of the State shall be vested in a 
Governor, whose term of ofifice shall commence on the second Wednesday 
of January next ensuing his election, and continue for four years, and until 
his successor shall have qualified; but the Governor chosen at the first 
election under this Constitution shall not enter upon the discharge of the 
duties of the ofifice until the expiration of the term for which the present 
incumbent was elected; unless the said ofifice shall become vacant by death, 
resignation, removal from the State, or other disqualification of the said 
incumbent. 

SEC. 2. An election for Governor, under this Constitution, shall be held 
on the Tuesday next after the first Monday of November, in the year 1867, 
and on the same day and month in every fourth year thereafter, at the 
places of voting for Delegates to the General Assembly; and every person 
qualified to vote for Delegates, shall be qualified and entitled to vote for 
Governor; the election to be held in the same manner as the election of 
Delegates, and the returns thereof, under seal, to be addressed to the Speaker 
of the House of Delegates, and enclosed and transmitted to the Secretary of 
State, and delivered to said Speaker at the commencement of the session of 
the General Assembly, next ensuing said election. 

SEC. 3. The Speaker of the House of Delegates shall then open the said 
returns, in the presence of both houses; and the person having the highest 
number of votes, and being constitutionally eligible, shall be the Governor, 
and shall qualify, in the manner herein prescribed, on the second Wednes- 
day of January next ensuing his election, or as soon thereafter as may be 
practicable. 

SEC. 4. If two or more persons shall have the highest and an equal num- 
ber of votes for Governor, one of them shall be chosen Governor by the 
Senate and House of Delegates; and all questions in relation to the eligi- 
bility of Governor, and to the returns of said election, and to the number 
and legality of votes therein given, shall be determined by the House of 
Delegates; and if the person, or persons, having the highest number of 
votes be ineligible, the Governor shall be chosen by the Senate and House 
of Delegates. Every election of Governor by the General Assembly shall be 
determined by a joint majority of the Senate and House of Delegates; and 
the vote shall be taken viva voce. But if two or more persons shall have 
tlie highest and an equal number of votes, then, a second vote shall be 



STATE OF MARYLAND 325 

taken, which shall be confined to the persons having an equal number; and 
it the vote should again be equal, then the election of Governor shall be 
determined by lot between those, who shall have the highest and an equal 
number on the first vote. 

SEC. 5. A person to be eligible to the office of Governor, must have 
attained the age of thirty years, and must have been for ten years a 
citizen of the State of Maryland, and for five years next preceding his elec- 
tion, a resident of the State, and, at the time of his election, a qualified 
voter therein. 

SEC. 6. In case of the death, or resignation of the Governor, or of his 
removal from the State, or other disqualification, the General Assembly, if in 
session, or if not, at their next session, shall elect some other qualified per- 
son to be Governor for the residue of the term for which the said Governor 
had been elected. 

SEC. 7. In case of any vacancy in the office of Governor, during the 
recess of the Legislature, the President of the Senate shall discharge the 
duties of said office, until a Governor is elected, as herein provided for; and 
in case of the death or resignation of the said President, or of his removal 
from the State, or of his refusal to serve, then the duties of said office shall, 
in like manner, and for the same interval, devolve upon the Speaker of the 
House of Delegates. And the Legislature may provide by law for the im- 
peachment of the Governor; and in case of his conviction, or his inability, 
may declare what person shall perform the Executive duties; and for any 
vacancy in said office not herein provided for, provision may be made by 
law: and if such vacancy should occur without such provision being made, 
the Legislature shall be convened by the Secretary of State for the pur- 
pose of filling said vacancy. 

SEC. 8. The Governor shall be the Commander-in-Chief of the land and 
naval forces of the State; and may call out the militia to repel invasions, 
suppress insurrections, and enforce the execution of the laws; but shall not 
take the command in person, without the consent of the Legislature. 

SEC. 9. He shall take care that the laws are faithfully executed. 

SEC. 10. He shall nominate, and, by and with the advice and consent of 
the Senate, appoint all civil and military officers of the State, whose appoint- 
ment, or election, is not otherwise herein provided for; unless a different 
mode of appointment be prescribed by the law creating the office. 

SEC. 11. In case of any vacancy, during the recess of the Senate, in any 
office which the Governor has power to fill, he shall appoint some suitable 
person to said office, whose commission shall continue in force until the 
end of the next session of the Legislature, or until some other person is 
appointed to the same office, whichever shall first occur; and the nomina- 
tion of the person thus appointed, during the recess, or, of some other per- 
son in his place, shall be made to the Senate within thirty days after the 
next meeting of the Legislature. 

SEC. 12. No person, after being rejected by the Senate, shall be again 
nominated for the same office at the same session, unless at the request of 



326 CONSTITUTION OF THE 

the Senate; or, be appointed to the same office during the recess of the 
Legislature. 

SEC. 13. All civil officers appointed by the Governor and Senate, shall 
be nominated to the Senate within fifty days from the commencement of 
each regular session of the Legislature; and their term of office, except in 
cases otherwise provided for in this Constitution, shall commence on the 
first Monday of May next ensuing their appointment, and continue for two 
years (unless removed from office) and until their successors, respectively, 
qualify according to law; but the term of office of the Inspectors of Tobacco 
shall commence on the first Monday of March next ensuing their appoint- 
ment. 

SEC. 14. If a vacancy shall occur, during the session of the Senate, in 
any office which the Governor and Senate have the power to fill, the Gov- 
ernor shall nominate to the Senate before its final adjournment, a proper 
person to fill said vacancy, unless such vacancy occurs within ten days 
before said final adjournment. 

SEC. 15. The Governor may suspend, or arrest any military officer of the 
State for disobedience of orders, or other military offence; and may remove 
him in pursuance of the sentence of a court martial; and may remove for 
incompetency, or misconduct, all civil officers who received appointment 
from the Executive for a term of years. 

SEC. 16. The Governor shall convene the Legislature, or the Senate 
alone, on extraordinary occasions; and whenever from the presence of an 
enemy, or from any other cause, the seat of government shall become an 
unsafe place for the meeting of the Legislature, he may direct their sessions 
to be held at some other convenient place. 

SEC. 17. To guard against hasty or partial legislation, and encroachments 
of the Legislative Department upon the co-ordinate Executive and Judicial 
Departments, every bill which shall have passed the House of Delegates 
and the Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the Gov- 
ernor of the State; if he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return 
it, with his objections, to the House in which it originated, which House 
shall enter the objections at large on its Journal, and proceed to reconsider 
the bill; if, after such re-consideration, three-fifths of the members elected 
to that House shall pass the bill, it shall be sent, with the objections, to the 
other House, by which it shall likewise be re-considered, and if passed by 
three-fifths of the members elected to that House, it shall become a law. 
But, in all such cases, the votes of both houses shall be determined by 
yeas and nays; and the names of the persons voting for and against the 
bill, shall be entered on the journal of each House, respectively. If any 
bill shall not be returned by the Governor within six days (Sundays ex- 
cepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law in 
like manner as if he signed it; unless the General Assembly shall, by ad- 
journment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 

SEC. 18. It shall be the duty of the Governor, semi-annually (and oftener, 
if he deem it expedient) to examine under oath the Treasurer and Comp- 



STATE OF MARYLAND 327 

troller of the State on all matters pertaining to their respective offices; and 
inspect and review their bank and other account books. 

SEC. 19. He shall, from time to time, inform the Legislature of the con- 
dition of the State and recommend to their consideration such measures as 
he may judge necessary and expedient. 

SEC. 20. He shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons, except in 
cases of impeachment, and in cases in which he is prohibited by other 
Articles of this Constitution; and to remit fines and forfeitures for offences 
against the State; but shall not remit the principal, or interest of any debt 
due the State, except, in cases of fines or forfeitures; and before granting a 
nolle prosequi, or pardon, he shall give notice in one or more newspapers, of 
the application made for it, and of the day on, or after which, his decision 
will be given; and in every case, in which he exercises this power, he shall 
report to either branch of the Legislature, whenever required, the petitions, 
recommendations, and reasons, which influenced his decision. 

SEC. 21. The Governor shall reside at the seat of government, and re- 
ceive for his services an annual salary of $4,500. 

SEC. 22. A Secretary of State shall be appointed by the Governor, by 
and with the advice and consent of the Senate, who shall continue in office, 
unless sooner removed by the Governor, till the end of the official term of 
the Governor from whom he received his appointment, and receive an 
annual salary of $2,000, and shall reside at the seat of Government; and the 
office of Private Secretary shall thenceforth cease. 

SEC. 23. The Secretary of State shall carefully keep and preserve a 
record of all official acts and proceedings, which may at all times be in- 
spected by a committee of either branch of the Legislature; and he shall 
perform such other duties as may be prescribed by law, or as may properly 
belong to his office, together with all clerical duty belonging to the Execu- 
tive Department. 



ARTICLE m. 

LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 

SECTION 1. The Legislature shall consist of two distinct branches; a 
Senate, and a House of Delegates, and shall be styled the General As- 
sembly of Maryland. 

SEC. 2. Each county in the State, and each of the three legislative dis- 
tricts of Baltimore City, as they are now, or may hereafter be defined, shall 
be entitled to one Senator, who shall be elected by the qualified voters of 
the counties, and of the legislative districts of Baltimore City, respectively, 
and shall serve for four years from the date of his election, subject to the 
classification of Senators, hereafter provided for. 

SEC. 3. Until the taking and publishing of the next national census, or 
until the enumeration of the population of this State, under the authority 
thereof, the several counties, and the city of Baltimore, shall have repre- 



328 CONSTITUTION OF THE 

sentation in the House of Delegates as follows: Allegany County, five Dele- 
gates; Anne Arundel County, three Delegates; Baltimore County, six Dele- 
gates; each of the three legislative districts of the city of Baltimore, six 
Delegates; Calvert County, two Delegates; Caroline County, two Delegates; 
Carroll County, four Delegates; Cecil County, four Delegates; Charles 
County, two Delegates; Dorchester County, three Delegates; Frederick 
County, six Delegates; Harford County, four Delegates; Howard County, 
two Delegates; Kent County, two Delegates; Montgomery County, three 
Delegates; Prince George's County, three Delegates; Queen Anne's County, 
two Delegates; Saint Mary's County, two Delegates; Somerset County, three 
Delegates; Talbot County, two Delegates; Washington County, five Dele- 
gates; and Worcester County, three Delegates. 

SEC. 4. As soon as may be after the taking and publishing of the next 
national census, or after the enumeration of the population of this State, 
under the authority thereof, there shall be an apportionment of represen- 
tation in the House of Delegates to be made on the following basis, to wit: 
Each of the several counties of the State, having a population of 18,000 
souls, or less, shall be entitled to two Delegates, and every county having 
a population of over 18,000, and less than 28,000 souls, shall be entitled to 
three Delegates; and every county, having a population of 28,000, and less 
than 40,000 souls, shall be entitled to four Delegates; and every county, hav- 
ing a population of 40,000, and less than 55,000 souls, shall be entitled to five 
Delegates; and every county, having a population of 55,000 souls, and up- 
wards, shall be entitled to six Delegates, and no more; and each of the three 
legislative districts of the city of Baltimore shall be entitled to the number 
oi Delegates to which the largest county shall, or may be entitled, under the 
aforegoing apportionment. And the General Assembly shall have power to 
provide by law, from time to time, for altering and changing the boundaries 
of the three existing legislative districts of the city of Baltimore, so as to 
make them, as near as may be, of equal population; but said districts shall 
always consist of contiguous territory. 

SEC. 5. Immediately after the taking and publishing of the next 
national census, or after any State enumeration of population, as aforesaid, 
it shall be the duty of the Governor, then being, to arrange the representa- 
tion in said House of Delegates, in accordance with the apportionment 
herein provided for; and to declare, by proclamation, the number of Dele- 
gates, to which each county, and the city of Baltimore may be entitled 
under such apportionment; and after every national census taken thereafter, 
or after any State enumeration of population, thereafter made, it shall be 
the duty of the Governor, for the time being, to make similar adjustment of 
representation, and to declare the same by proclamation, as aforesaid. 

SEC. 6. The members of the House of Delegates shall be elected by the 
qualified voters of the counties, and the legislative districts of Baltimore 
City, respectively, to serve for two years, from the day of their election. 

SEC. 7. The first election for Senators and Delegates shall take place on 
the Tuesday next, after the first Monday in the month gf November, 1867; 



STATE OF MARYLAND 329 

and the election for Delegates, and as nearly as practicable, for one-half ot 
the Senators, shall be held on the same day, in every second year thereafter. 

SEC. 8. Immediately after the Senate shall have convened, after the first 
election, imder this Constitution, the Senators shall be divided by lot, into 
two classes, as nearly equal in number as may be— Senators of the first 
class shall go out of office at the expiration of two years, and Senators 
shall be elected on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in the month of 
I^ovember, 1869, for the term of four years, to supply their places; so that, 
after the first election, one-half of the Senators may be chosen every second 
year. In case the number of Senators be hereafter increased, such classifi- 
cation of the additional Senators shall be made as to preserve, as nearly as 
njay be, an equal number in each class. 

SEC. 9. No person shall be eligible as a Senator or Delegate, who at 
the time of his election, is not a citizen of the State of Maryland, and who 
has not resided therein, for at least three years, next preceding the day of 
his election, and the last year thereof, in the county, or in the legislative 
district of Baltimore City, which he may be chosen to represent, if such 
county, or legislative district of said city, shall have been so long estab- 
lished; and if not, then in the county, or city, from which, in whole, or in 
part, the same may have been formed; nor shall any person be eligible as a 
Senator, unless he shall have attained the age of twenty-five years, nor as a 
Delegate, unless he shall have attained the age of twenty-one years, at the 
time of his election. 

SEC. 10. No member of Congress, or person holding any civil, or mili- 
tary office under the United States, shall be eligible as a Senator, or Dele- 
gate; and if any person shall after his election as Senator, or Delegate, be 
elected to Congress, or be appointed to any office, civil or military, under 
the Government of the United States, his acceptance thereof, shall vacate 
his seat. 

SEC. 11. No minister or preacher of the Gospel, or of any religious 
creed, or denomination, and no person holding any civil office of profit or 
trust, under this State, except Justices of the Peace, shall be eligible as 
Senator, or Delegate. 

SEC. 12. No collector, receiver, or holder of public money shall be 
eligible as Senator or Delegate, or to any office of profit, or trust, under this 
State, until he shall have accounted for, and paid into the Treasury all 
sums on the books thereof charged to, and due by him. 

SEC. 13. In case of death, disqualification, resignation, refusal to act, 
expulsion, or removal from the county, or city, for which he shall have been 
elected, of any person, who shall have been chosen as a Delegate, or Sen- 
ator, or in case of a tie between two or more such qualified persons, a war- 
rant of election shall be issued by the Speaker of the House of Delegates, or 
President of the Senate, as the case may be, for the election of another 
person in his place, of which election, not less than ten days' notice shall 
be given, exclusive of the day of the publication of the notice, and of the 
day of election: and, if during the recess of the Legislature, and more than 
ten days before its termination, such death shall occur, or sych resignation, 



330 CONSTITUTION OF THE 

refusal to act, or disqualification be communicated, in writing to the Gov- 
ernor by the person, so resigning, refusing, or disqualified, it shall be the 
duty of the Governor to issue a warrant of election to supply the vacancy 
thus created, in the same manner, the said Speaker, or President might have 
done, during the session of the General Assembly; provided, however, that 
unless a meeting of the General Assembly may intervene, the election, thus 
ordered to fill such vacancy, shall be held on the day of the ensuing elec- 
tion for Delegates and Senators. 

SEC. 14. The General Assembly shall meet on the first Wednesday of 
January, 1868, and on the same day in every second year thereafter, and at 
no other time, unless convened by proclamation of the Governor. 

SEC. 15. The General Assembly may continue its session so long as, in 
its judgment, the public interest may require, for a period not longer than 
ninety days; and each member thereof, shall receive a compensation of $5 
per diem, for every day he shall attend the session, but not for such 
days as he may be absent, unless absent on account of sickness, or by 
leave of the House of which he is a member; and he shall also receive 
such mileage as may be allowed by law, not exceeding twenty cents per 
mile; and the presiding officer of each House shall receive an additional 
compensation of $3 per day. When the General Assembly shall be con- 
vened by proclamation of the Governor, the session shall not continue 
longer than thirty days; and in such case, the compensation shall be the 
same as herein prescribed. 

SEC. 16. No book, or other printed matter, not appertaining to the busi- 
ness of the session, shall be purchased, or subscribed for, for the use of the 
members of the General Assembly, or be distributed among them, at the 
public expense. 

SEC. 17. No Senator or Delegate, after qualifying as such, notwithstand- 
ing he may thereafter resign, shall during the whole period of time, for 
which he was elected, be eligible to any office, which shall have been cre- 
ated, or the salary, or profits of which shall have been increased, during 
such term. 

SEC. 18. No Senator, or Delegate, shall be liable in any civil action, or 
criminal prosecution, whatever, for words spoken in debate. 

SEC. 19. Each House shall be judge of the qualifications and elections 
of its members, as prescribed by the Constitution and laws of the State; shall 
appoint its own officers, determine the rules of its own proceedings, punish 
a member for disorderly or disrespectful behavior, and with the consent of 
two-thirds of its whole number of members elected, expel a member; but no 
member shall be expelled a second time for the same ofTence. 

SEC. 20. A majority of the whole number of members elected to each 
House shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business; but a 
smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and compel the attendance 
of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties, as each 
House may prescribe. 

SEC. 21. The doors of each House, and of the Committee of the Whole, 
shall be open, except when the business is such as ought to be kept secret 



STATE OF MARYLAND 331 

SEC. 22, Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and cause 
the same to be published. The yeas and nays of members on any question, 
shall at the call of any five of them in the House of Delegates, or one in the 
Senate, be entered on the Journal. 

SEC. 23. Each House may punish by imprisonment, during the session 
of the General Assembly, any person, not a member, for disrespectful, or 
disorderly behavior in its presence, or for obstructing any of its proceedings, 
or any of its officers in the execution of their duties; provided such impri- 
sonment shall not, at any one time, exceed ten days. 

SEC. 24. The House of Delegates may inquire, on the oath of witnesses, 
into all complaints, grievances and offences, as the Grand Inquest of the 
State, and may commit any person, for any crime, to the public jail, there 
to remain, until discharged by due course of law. They may examine and 
pass all accounts of the State, relating either to the collection or expendi- 
ture of the revenue, and appoint auditors to state and adjust the same. 
They may call for all public, or official papers and records, and send for 
persons, whom they may judge necessary, in the course of their inquiries, 
concerning affairs relating to the public interest, and may direct all office 
bonds which shall be made payable to the State, to be used for any breach 
thereof; and with the view to the more certain prevention or correction of 
the abuses in the expenditures of the money of the State, the General As- 
sembly shall create, at every session thereof, a joint Standing Committee 
of the Senate and House of Delegates, who shall have power to send for 
persons, and examine them on oath, and call for public or official papers 
and records, and whose duty it shall be to examine and report upon all con- 
tracts made for printing stationery, and purchases for the public offices, 
and the library, and all expenditures therein, and upon all matters of 
alleged abuse in expenditures, to which their attention may be called by 
resolution of either House of the General Assembly. 

SEC. 25. Neither House shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn 
for more than three days, at any one time, nor adjourn to any other place, 
than that in which the House shall be sitting, without the concurrent vote 
of two-thirds of the members present. 

SEC. 26. The House of Delegates shall have the sole power of impeach- 
ment in all cases; but a majority of all the members elected must concur in 
the impeachment. All impeachments shall be tried by the Senate, and when 
sitting for that purpose, the Senators shall be on oath, or affirmation, to do 
justice according to the law and the evidence; but no person shall be 
convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of all the Senators elected. 
SEC. 27. Any bill may originate in either House of the General As- 
sembly, and be altered, amended, or rejected by the other; but no bill shall 
originate in either House during the last ten days of the session, unless two- 
thirds of the members elected thereto shall so determine by yeas and nays; 
nor shall any bill become a law, until it be read on three different days of 
the session in each House, unless two-thirds of the members elected to the 
House, where such bill is pending, shall so determine by yeas and nays; 



332 CONSTITUTION OF THE 

and no bill shall be read a third time until it shall have been actually en 
grossed for a third reading. 

SEC. 28. No bill shall become a law unless it be passed in each House 
by a majority of the whole number of members elected, and on its final 
passage, the yeas and nays be recorded; nor shall any resolution, requiring 
the action of both houses, be passed except in the same manner. 

SEC, 29. The style of all laws of this State shall be, "Be it enacted by 
the General Assembly of Maryland:" and all laws shall be passed by orig- 
inal bill; and every law enacted by the General Assembly shall embrace 
but one subject, and that shall be described in its title; and no law, nor 
section of law, shall be revived or amended by reference to its title, or sec- 
tion only; nor shall any law be construed by reason of its title, to grant 
powers, or confer rights which are not expressly contained in the body of 
the Act; and it shall be the duty of the General Assembly, in amending any 
article or section of the Code of Laws of this State, to enact the same, as 
the said article, or section would read when amended. And whenever the 
General Assembly shall enact any public general law, not amendatory of any 
section, or article in the said Code, it shall be the duty of the General As- 
sembly to enact the same, in articles and sections, in the same manner as 
the Code is arranged, and to provide for the publication of all additions and 
alterations, which may be made to the said Code. 

SEC. 30. Every bill, when passed by the General Assembly, and sealed 
with the Great Seal, shall be presented to the Governor, who, if he approves 
it, shall sign the same in the presence of the presiding officers and chief 
clerks of the Senate and House of Delegates. Every law shall be recorded 
in the office of the Court of Appeals, and in due time, be printed, published 
and certified under the Great Seal, to the several courts, in the same manner 
as has been heretofore usual in this State. 

SEC. 31. No law passed by the General Assembly shall take eflFect, until 
the first day of June, next after the session, at which it may be passed, 
unless it be otherwise expressly declared therein. 

SEC. 32. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury of the State, by 
any order or resolution, nor except in accordance with an appropriation by 
law, and every such" law shall distinctly specify the sum appropriated, and 
the object, to which it shall be applied; provided, that nothing herein con- 
tained shall prevent the General Assembly from placing a contingent fund 
at the disposal of the Executive, who shall report to the General Assembly, 
at each session, the amount expended, and the purposes to which it was 
applied. An accurate statement of the receipts and expenditures of the 
public money, shall be attached to, and published with the laws, after each 
regular session of the General Assembly. 

SEC. 33. The General Assembly shall not pass local, or special laws, in 
any of the following enumerated cases, viz: For extending the time for the 
collection of taxes; granting divorces; changing the name of any person; 
providing for the sale of real estate, belonging to minors, or other persons 
laboring under legal disabilities, by executors, administrators, guardians or 
trustees; giving efifect to infornial, or invalid deeds or wills; refunding 



STATE OF MARYLAND 33S 

money paid into the State Trea^^ury, or releasing persons from llicir dents, 
or obligations to the State, unless recommended by the Governor, or olhccrs 
of the Treasury Department. And the General Assembly shall pass no 
special law, for any case, for which provision has been made, by an exist- 
ing general law. The General Assembly, at its first session after the adop- 
tion of this Constitution, shall pass general laws, providing for the cases 
enumerated in this section, which are not already adequately provided for, 
and for all other cases, where a general law can be made applicable. 

SEC. 34. No debt shall be hereafter contracted by the General Assembly, 
unless such debt shall be authorized by a law, providing for the collection 
of an annual tax, or taxes, sufficient to pay the interest on such debt, as it 
falls due, and also, to discharge the principal thereof, within fifteen years 
from the time of contracting the same; and the taxes, laid for this purpose, 
shall not be repealed, or applied to any other object, until the said dobt, 
and interest thereon, shall be fully discharged. The credit of the State sliall 
not in any manner be given, or loaned to, or in aid of any individual, asso- 
ciation, or corporation; nor shall the General Assembly have the power, in 
any mode, to involve the State in the construction of works of internal im- 
provement, nor in granting any aid thereto, which shall involve the faith, 
or credit of the State; nor make any appropriation therefor, except in aid 
of the construction oi works of internal improvement, in the counties of Saint 
Mary's, Charles and Calvert, which have had no direct advantage, from such 
works, as have been heretofore aided by the State; and provided, that such 
aid, advances, or appropriations shall not exceed in the aggregate the sum 
of $500,000. And they shall not use, or appropriate the proceeds of the 
internal improvement companies, or of the State tax, now levied, or which 
may hereafter be levied, to pay off the public debt, to any other purpose 
until the interest and debt are fully paid, or the sinking fund shall be 
equal to the amount of the outstanding debt; but the General Assembly 
may, without laying a tax, borrow an amount never to exceed $50,000, to 
meet temporary deficiencies in the Treasury, and may contract debts to 
any amount that may be necessary for the defence of the State. 

SEC. 35. No extra compensation shall be granted, or allowed, by the 
General Assembly, to any public officer, agent, servant or contractor, after 
the service shall have been rendered, or the contract entered into; nor shall 
the salary, or compensation of any public officer be increased, or diminished 
during his term of office. 

SEC. 36. No lottery grant shall ever hereafter be authorized by the Gen- 
eral Assembly. 

SEC. 37. The General Assembly shall pass no law providing for payment, 
by this State, for slaves emancipated from servitude in this State; but they 
shall adopt such measures, as they may deem expedient, to obtain from the 
United States, compensation for such slaves, and to receive, and distribute 
the same, equitably, to the persons entitled. 

SEC. 38. No person shall be imprisoned for debt. 

SEC. 39. The General Assembly shall grant no charter for banking pur- 
poses, nor renew any banking corporation, now in existence, except upon 



334 CONSTITUTION OF THE 

the condition that the stockholders shall be liable to the amount of their 
respective share, or shares of stock in such banking institution, for all its 
debts and liabilities, upon note, bill, or otherwise; the books, papers, and 
accounts of all banks shall be open to inspection, under such regulations as 
may be prescribed by law. 

SEC. 40. The General Assembly shall enact no law authorizing private 
property, to be taken for public use, without just compensation, as agreed 
upon between the parties, or awarded by a jury, being first paid, or ten- 
dered to the party, entitled to such compensation. 

SEC. 41. Any citizen of this State, who shall after the adoption of this 
Constitution, either in, or out of this State, fight a duel with deadly weap- 
ons, or send, or accept a challenge so to do, or who shall act as a second, 
or knowingly aid or assist in any manner, those offending, shall, ever 
thereafter be incapable of holding any office of profit or trust, under this 
State, unless relieved from the disability by an Act of the Legislature. 

SEC. 42. The General Assembly shall pass laws necessary for the preser- 
vation of the purity of elections. 

SEC. 43. The property of the wife shall be protected from the debts of 
her husband. 

SEC. 44. Laws shall be passed by the Genera^ Assembly, to protect 
from execution a reasonable amount of the property of the debtor, not ex- 
ceeding in value, the sum of $500. 

SEC. 45. The General Assembly shall provide a simple and uniform sys- 
tem of charges in the offices of Clerks of Courts, and Registers of Wills, in 
the counties of this State, and the city of Baltimore, and for the collection 
thereof; provided, the amount of compensation to any of the said officers, in 
the various counties, shall not exceed the sum of $3,000 a year, and in the 
city of Baltimore $3,500 a year, over and above office expenses, and com- 
pensation to assistants; and provided further, that such compensation, of 
Clerks, Registers, assistants and office expenses shall always be paid out 
of the fees, or receipts of the offices, respectively. 

SEC. 46. The General Assembly shall have power to receive from the 
United States, any grant, or donation of land, money, or securities for any 
purpose designated by the United States, and shall administer, or distribute 
the same according to the conditions of the said grant. 

SEC. 47. The General Assembly shall make provisions for all cases of 
contested elections of any of the officers, not herein provided for. 

SEC. 48. Corporations may be formed under general laws; but shall not 
be created by special Act, except for municipal purposes, and except in 
cases, where no general laws exist, providing for the creation of corpora- 
tions of the same general character, as the corporation proposed to be cre- 
ated; and any Act oT incorporation, passed in violation of this section shall 
be void. And as soon as practicable, aftei the adoption of this Constitution, 
it shall be the duty of the Governor, to appoint three persons learned in the 
law, whose duty it shall be, to prepare drafts of general laws, providing for 
the creation of corporations, in such cases as may be proper, and for all 
other cases, where a general law can be made; and for revising and amend- 



STATE OF MARYLAND 335 

ing, so far as may be necessary, or expedient, the general laws which may 
jt>e in existence on the first day of June, 1867, providing for the creation of 
corporations, and for other purposes; and such drafts of laws shall by said 
commissioners, be submitted to the General Assembly, at its first meeting, 
for its action thereon; and each of said commissioners shall receive a com- 
pensation of $500 for his services, as such commissioner. 

All charters granted, or adopted, in pursuance of this section, and all 
charters heretofore granted and created, subject to repeal or modification, 
may be altered, from time to time, or be repealed; provided, nothing herein 
contained shall be construed to extend to banks, or the incorporation 
thereof. 

SEC. 49. The General Assembly shall have power to regulate by law, not 
inconsistent with this Constitution, all matters which relate to the judges of 
election, time, place and manner of holding elections in this State, and of 
making returns thereof. 

SEC. 50. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly, at its first ses- 
sion, held after the adoption of this Constitution, to provide by law for the 
punishment, by fine, or imprisonment in the peniteniary, or both, in the 
discretion of the court, of any person, who shall bribe, or attempt to bribe, 
any executive or judicial officer of the State of Maryland, or any member, 
or officer of the General Assembly of the State of Maryland, or of any 
municipal corporation in the State of Maryland, or any executive officer of 
such corporation, in order to influence him in the performance of any of his 
official duties; and, also, to provide by law for the punishment, by fine, or 
imprisonment in the penitentiary, or both, in the discretion of the court, 
of any of said officers, or members, who shall demand, or receive any bribe, 
fee, reward, or testimonial, for the performance of his official duties, or for 
neglecting, or failing to perform the same; and also, to provide by law for 
compelling any person, so bribing, or attempting to bribe, or so demanding, 
or receiving a bribe, fee, reward, or testimonial, to testify against any per- 
son, or persons, who may have committed any of said offences; provided, 
that any person, so compelled to testify, shall be exempted from trial and 
punishment for the offence, of which he may have been guilty; and any 
person, convicted of such offence, shall, as part of the punishment thereof, 
be forever disfranchised and disqualified from holding any office of trust, or 
profit, in this State. 

SEC. 51. The personal property of residents of this State, shall be sub- 
ject to taxation in the county, or city, where the resident bona Me 
resides for the greater part of the year, for which the tax may, or shall be 
levied, and not elsewhere, except goods and chattels permanently located, 
which shall be taxed in the city, or county where they are so located. 

SEC. 52. The General Assembly shall appropriate no money out of the 
Treasury for payment of any private claim against the State exceeding $300, 
unless said claim shall have been first presented to the Comptroller of the 
Treasury, together with the proofs upon which the same is founded, and 
reported upon by him. 



336 CONSTITUTION OF THE 

SEC. 53. No person shall be incompetent, as a witness, on account of 
race or color, unless hereafter so declared by Act of the General Assembly. 

SEC. 54. No county of this State shall contract any debt, or obligation, 
in the construction of any railroad, canal, or other work of internal improve- 
ment, nor give, or loan its credit to, or in aid of any association, or cor- 
poration, unless authorized by an Act of the General Assembly, which shall 
be published for two months before the next election for members of the 
House of Delegates in the newspapers published in such county, and shall 
also be approved by a majority of all the members elected to each House of 
the General Assembly at its next session after said election. 

SEC. 55. The General Assembly shall pass no law suspending the privi- 
lege of the writ of habeas corpus. 

SEC. 56. The General Assembly shall have power to pass all such laws as 
may be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the powers vested, 
by this Constitution, in any department, or office of the Government, and 
the duties imposed upon them thereby. 

SEC. 57. The legal rate of interest shall be six per cent, per annum; un- 
less otherwise provided by the General Assembly. 

SEC. 58. The Legislature at its first session after the ratification of this 
Constitution shall provide by law for State and municipal taxation upon the 
revenues accruing from business done in the State by all foreign corpora- 
tions. 

SEC. 59. The ofifice of "State Pension Commissioner" is hereby abol- 
ished; and the Legislature shall pass no law creating such office, or estab- 
lishing any general pension system within this State. 



ARTICLE IV. 

JUDICIARY DEPARTMENT. 
Part I.— General Provisions. 

SECTION 1. The judicial power of this State shall be vested in a Court 
of Appeals, Circuit Courts, Orphans' Courts, such courts for the city of 
Baltimore as are hereinafter provided for, and Justices of the Peace; all said 
courts shall be courts of record, and each shall have a seal to be used in 
the authentication of all process issuing therefrom. The process and official 
character of Justices of the Peace shall be authenticated as hath heretofore 
been practiced in this State, or may hereafter be prescribed by law. 

SEC. 2. The Judges of all the said courts shall be citizens of the State of 
Maryland, and qualified voters under this Constitution, and shall have 
resided therein not less than five years, and not less than six months next 
preceding their election, or appointment, in the judicial circuit, as the case 
may be, for which they may be, respectively, elected or appointed. They 
sb<ill be not less than thirty years of age at the time of their election, or 



STATE OF MARYLAND 337 

appointment, and shall be selected from those who have been admitted to 
practise law in this State, and who are most distinguished for integrity, 
wisdom and sound legal knowledge. 

SEC. 3. The Judges of the said several courts shall be elected in the counties 
by the qualified voters in their respective judicial circuits, as hereinafter 
provided, at the general election to be held on the Tuesday after the first 
Monday in November next, and in the city of Baltimore, on the fourth 
Wednesday of October next. Each of the said Judges shall hold his office 
for the term of fifteen years from the time of his election, and until his suc- 
cessor is elected and qualified, or until he shall have attained the age of 
seventy years, whichever may first happen, and be re-eUgible thereto until 
he shall have attained the age of seventy years, and not after; but in case 
of any Judge, who shall attain the age of seventy years whilst in office, such 
Judge may be continued in office by the General Assembly for such further 
time as they may think fit, not to exceed the term for which he was elected, 
by a resolution to be passed at the session next preceding his attaining said 
age. In case of the inability of any of said Judges to discharge his duties 
with efficiency, by reason of continued sickness, or of physical or mental 
infirmity, it shall be in the power of the General Assembly, two-thirds of 
the members of each House concurring, with the approval of the Governor, 
to retire said Judge from office. 

SEC. 4. Any Judge shall be removed from office by the Governor, on 
conviction in a court of law, of incompetency, of wilful neglect of duty, 
misbehavior in office, or any other crime, or on impeachment, according to 
this Constitution, or the laws of the State; or on the address of the General 
Assembly, two-thirds of each House concurring in such address, and the 
accused having been notified of the charges against him, and having had 
opportunity of making his defence. 

SEC. 5. After the election for Judges, as hereinbefore provided, there 
shall be held in this State, in every fifteenth year thereafter, on the Tuesday 
after the first Monday in November of such year, an election for Judges as 
herein provided; and in case of death, resignation, removal or disqualifica- 
tion by reason of age or otherwise of any Judge, the Governor shall appoint 
a person duly qualified to fill said office, who shall hold the same until the 
next general election for members of the General Assembly, when a suc- 
cessor shall be elected, whose term of office shall be the same as hereinbe- 
fore provided; and upon the expiration of the term of fifteen years for 
which any Judge may be elected to fill a vacancy, an election for his suc- 
cessor shall take place at the next general election for members of the 
General Assembly to occur upon or after the expiration of his said term; 
and the Governor shall appoint a person duly qualified to hold said office 
from the expiration of such term of fifteen years until the election and 
qualification of his successor. 

SEC. 6. All Judges shall, by virtue of their offices, be conservators of 
the peace throughout the State; and no fees, or perquisites, commission. 
or reward of any kind, shall be allowed to any Judge in this State, besides 
his annual salary, for the discharge of any judicial duty. 



338 CONSTITUTION OF THE 

SEC. 7. No Judge shall sit in any case wherein he may be interested, or 
where either of the parties may be connected with him, by affinity or con- 
sanguinity, within such degrees as now are, or may hereafter be prescribed 
by law, or where he shall have been of counsel in the case. 

SEC. 8. The parties to any cause may submit the same to the court for 
determination, without the aid of a jury; and in all suits or actions at law, 
issues from the Orphans' Court or from any court sitting in equity, and in all 
cases of presentments or indictments for offences which are or may be 
punishable by death pending in any of the courts of law of this State having 
jurisdiction thereof, upon suggestion in writing under oath of either of the 
parties to said proceedings, that such party cannot have a fair and impar- 
tial trial in the court in which the same may be pending, the said court 
shall order and direct the record of proceedings in such suit or action, issue, 
presentment or indictment, to be transmitted to some other court having 
jurisdiction in such case, for trial; but in all other cases of presentment or' 
indictment pending in any of the courts of law in this State having juris- 
diction thereof, in addition to the suggestion in writing of either of the 
parties to such presentment or indictment that such party cannot have a 
fair and impartial trial in the court in which the same may be pending, it 
shall be necessary for the party making such suggestion to make it satis- 
factorily appear to the court that such suggestion is true, or that there is 
reasonable ground for the same; and thereupon the said court shall order 
and direct the record of proceedings in such presentment or indictment to 
be transmitted to some other court having jurisdiction in such cases, for 
trial; and such right of removal shall exist upon suggestion in cases when 
all the Judges of said court may be disqualified, under the provisions of this 
Constitution, to sit in any case; and said Court to which the record of pro- 
ceedings in such suit or action, issue, presentment or indictment, may be 
so transmitted, shall hear and determine the same in like manner, as if such 
suit or action, issue, presentment or indictment had been originally insti- 
tuted therein; and the General Assembly shall make such modification of 
existing law as may be necessary to regulate and give force to this pro- 
vision. 

SEC, 9. The Judge or Judges of any court may appoint such officers for 
their respective courts as may be found necessary; and such officers of the 
courts in the city of Baltimore shall be appointed by the Judges of the 
Supreme Bench of Baltimore City, It shall be the duty of the General As- 
sembly to prescribe by law a fixed compensation for all such officers; and 
said Judge or Judges shall, from time to time, investigate the expenses, 
costs and charges of their respective courts, with a view to a change or 
reduction thereof, and report the result of such investigation to the General 
Assembly for its action. 

SEC. 10. The clerks of the several courts, created or continued by this 
Constitution, shall have charge and custody of the records and other papers, 
shall perform all the duties and be allowed the fees which appertain to their 
several offices, as the same now are, or may hereafter be regulated by law. 
And the office and business of said clerks, in all their departments, shall 



STATE OF MARYLAND 339 

be subject to the visitorial power of the Judges of their respective courts, 
who shall exercise the same, from time to time, so as to insure the faithful 
performance of the duties of said offices; and it shall be the duty of the 
Judges of said courts, respectively, to make, from time to time, such rules 
and regulations as may be necessary and proper for the government of said 
clerks and for the performance of the duties of their offices, which shall 
have the force of law until repealed or modified by the General Assembly. 
SEC. 11. The election for Judges, hereinbefore provided, and all elec- 
tions tor Clerks, Registers of Wills, and other officers, provided in this 
Constitution, except State's Attorneys, shall be certified and the returns 
made by the Clerks of the Circuit Courts for the counties, and the Clerk of 
the Superior Court of Baltimore City, respectively, to the Governor, who 
shall issue commissions to the dilTerent persons for the offices to which they 
shall have been, respectively, elected; and in all such elections the person 
"having the greatest number of votes shall be declared to be elected. 

SEC. 12. If in any case of election for Judges, clerks of the courts of 
law, and Registers of Wills, the opposing candidates shall have an equal 
number of votes, it shall be the duty of the Governor to order a new elec- 
tion; and in case of any contested election, the Governor shall send the 
returns to the House of Delegates, which shall judge of the election and 
qualification of the candidates at such election; and if the judgment shall 
be against the one who has been returned elected, or the one who has been 
commissioned by the Governor, the House of Delegates shall order a new 
election within thirty days. 

SEC. 13. All public commissions and grants shall run thus: "The State 
of Maryland, etc.," and shall be signed by the Governor, with the seal of 
the State annexed; all writs and process shall run in the same style, and be 
tested, sealed and signed, as heretofore, or as may hereafter be provided by 
law, and all indictments shall conclude, "against the peace, government and 
dignity of the State." 

Part II.— Court of Appeals. 

SEC. 14. The Court of Appeals shall be composed of the Chief Judges of 
the first seven of the several judicial circuits of the State, and a Judge from 
the city of Baltimore specially elected thereto, one of whom shall be desig- 
nated by the Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, as 
the Chief Judge; and in all cases, until action by the Senate can be had, the 
Judge so designated by the Governor shall act as Chief Judge. The Judge 
of the Court of Appeals from the city of Baltimore shall be elected by the 
qualified voters of said city at the election of Judges to be held therein, as 
hereinbefore provided; and in addition to his duties, as Judge of the Court 
of Appeals, shall perform such other duties as the General Assembly shall 
prescribe. The jurisdiction of said Court of Appeals shall be co-extensive 
with the limits of the State, and such as now is or may hereafter be pre- 
scribed by law. It shall hold its sessions in the city of Annapolis, on the 
second Monday in January, the first Monday in April and the first Monday 



340 CONSTITUTION OF THE 

in October of eacTi and every year, or at such other times as the General 
Assembly may by law direct. Its sessions shall continue not less than ten 
months in the year, if the business before it shall so require; and it shall be 
competent for the Judges, temporarily, to transfer their sittings elsewhere, 
upon sufficient cause. 

SEC. 15. Four of said Judges shall constitute a quorum; no cause shall 
be decided without the concurrence of at least three; but the Judge who 
heard the cause below, shall not participate in the decision; in every case an 
opinion, in v/riting, shall be filed within three months after the argument, 
or submission of the cause; and the judgment of the court shall be final and 
conclusive; and all cases shall stand for hearing at the first term after the 
transmission of the record. 

SEC. 16. Provision shall be made by law for publishing reports of all 
causes, argued and determined in the Court of Appeals, which the Judges 
shall designate as proper for publication. 

SEC. 17. There shall be a Clerk of the Court of Appeals, who shall be 
elected by the legal and qualified voters of the State, who shall hold his 
office for six years, and until his successor is duly qualified; he shall be 
subject to removal by the said court for incompetency, neglect of duty, 
misdemeanor in office, or such other cause, or causes, as may be prescribed 
by law; and in case of a vacancy in the office of said clerk, the Court of 
Appeals shall appoint a clerk of said court, who shall hold his office until 
the election and qualification of his successor, who shall be elected at th6 
next general election for members of the General Assembly; and the person, 
so elected, shall hold his office for the term of six years from the time of 
election. 

SEC. 18. It shall be the duty of the Judges of the Court of Appeals, as 
soon after their election, under this Constitution, as practicable, to make 
and publish rules and regulations for the prosecution of appeals to said 
appellate court, whereby they shall prescribe the periods within which 
appeals may be taken, what part or parts of the proceedings in the court 
below shall constitute the record on appeal, and the manner in which such 
appeals shall be brought to hearing or determination, and shall regulate, 
generally, the practice of said Court of Appeals, so as to prevent delays, 
and promote brevity in all records and proceedings brought into said court, 
and to abolish and avoid all unnecessary costs and expenses in the prosecu- 
tion of appeals therein; and the said Judges shall make such reductions in 
the fees and expenses of the said court, as they may deem advisable. It 
shall also be the duty of said Judges of the Court of Appeals, as soon after 
their election as practicable, to devise, and promulgate by rules, or orders, 
forms and modes of framing and filing bills, answers, and other proceedings 
and pleadings in equity; and also forms and modes of taking and obtaining 
evidence, to be used in equity cases; and to revise and regulate, generally, 
the practice in the courts of equity of this State, so as to prevent delays, and 
to promote brevity and conciseness in all pleadings and proceedings therein, 
and to abolish all unnecessary costs and expenses attending the same. And 
all rules and regulations hereby directed to be made, shall, when made, have 



STATE OF MARYLAND 841 

the force of law, until rescinded, changed or modified by the said Judges, 
or the General Assembly. 

Part III.— Circuit Courts. 

SEC. 19. The State shall be divided into eight judicial circuits, in manner 
following, viz: The counties of Worcester, Somerset, Dorchester and Wi- 
comico, shall constitute the First Circuit; the counties of Caroline, Talbot, 
Oueen Anne's, Kent and Cecil, the Second; the counties of Baltimore and 
Harford, the Third; the counties of Allegany, Washington and Garrett, the 
Fourth; the counties of Carroll, Howard and Anne Arundel, the Fifth; the 
counties of Montgomery and Frederick, the Sixth; the counties of Prince 
George's, Charles, Calvert and St. Mary's, the Seventh, and Baltimore City, 
the Eighth. 

SEC. 20. A court shall be held in each county of the State, to be styled 
the Circuit Court for the County, in which it may be held. The said circuit 
courts shall have and exercise, in the respective counties, all the power, 
authority and jurisdiction, original and appellate, which the present circuit 
courts of this State now have and exercise, or which may hereafter be pre- 
scribed by law. 

SEC. 21. For each of the said circuits (excepting the Eighth) there shall 
be a Chief Judge and two Associate Judges, to be styled Judges of the 
Circuit Court, to be elected or appointed, as herein provided. And no two 
of said Associate Judges shall, at the time of their election, or appointment, 
or during the term, for which they may have been elected, or appointed, 
reside in the same county. If two or more persons shall be candidates for 
Associate Judge, in the same county, that one only in said county shall be 
declared elected, who has the highest number of votes in the circuit. In 
case any two candidates for Associate Judge, residing in the same county, 
shall have an equal number of votes, greater than any other candidate for 
Associate Judge, in the circuit, it shall be the duty of the Governor to 
order a new election for one Associate Judge; but the person, residing in 
any other county of the circuit, and who has the next highest number of 
votes shall be declared elected. The said Judges shall hold not less than 
two terms of the Circuit Court in each of the counties, composing their 
respecting circuits, at such times as are now, or may hereafter be pre- 
scribed, to which jurors shall be summoned; and in those counties, where 
only two such terms are held, two other and intermediate terms, to which 
jurors shall not be summoned; they may alter or fix the times for holding 
any, or all terms until otherwise prescribed, and shall adopt rules to the end 
that all business not requiring the interposition of a jury shall be, as far 
as practicable, disposed of at said intermediate terms. One Judge, in each 
of the above circuits, shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of any 
buciness, and the said Judges, or any of them, may hold special term? of 
their courts, whenever, in their discretion, the business of the several coun- 
ties renders such terras necessary. 



342 CONSTITUTION OF THE 

SEC. 22. Where any term is held, or trial conducted by less than the 
whole number of said Circuit Judges, upon the decision, or determination of 
any point, or question, by the court, it shall be competent to the party, 
against whom the ruling or decision is made, upon motion, to have the 
point, or question, reserved for the consideration of the three Judges of the 
circuit, who shall constitute a court in banc for such purpose; and the 
motion for such reservation shall be entered of record, during the sitting, at 
which such decision may be made; and the several circuit courts shall 
regulate, by rules, the mode and manner of presenting such points, or ques- 
tions to the court in banc, and the decision of the said court in banc shall be 
the effective decision in the premises, and conclusive, as against the party, 
at whose motion said points, or questions were reserved; but such decision 
in banc shall not preclude the right of appeal, or writ of error to the adverse 
party, in those cases, civil or criminal, in which appeal, or writ of error to 
the Court of Appeals may be allowed by law. The right of having questions 
reserved shall not, however, apply to trials of appeals from judgments oi 
Justices of the Peace, nor to criminal cases below the grade of felony, ex- 
cept when the punishment is confinement in the penitentiary; and this sec- 
tion shall be subject to such provisions as may hereafter be made by law. 

SEC. 23. The Judges of the respective circuit courts of this State, and of 
the courts of Baltimore City, shall render their decisions, in all cases argued 
before them, or submitted for their judgment, within two months after the 
same shall have been so argued or submitted. 

SEC. 24. The salary of each Chief Judge, and of the Judge of the Court 
of Appeals from the city of Baltimore shall be $3,500, and of each Associate 
Judge of the Circuit Court, shall be $2,800 per annum, payable quarterly, 
and shall not be dimmished during his continuance in office. 

SEC. 25. There shall be a Clerk of the Circuit Court for each county, 
who shall be elected by a plurality of the qualified voters of said county, 
and shall hold his office for six years from the time of his election, and 
until his successor is elected and qualified, and be re-eligible, subject to be 
removed for wilful neglect of duty, or other misdemeanor in office, on con- 
viction in a court of law. In case of a vacancy in the office of clerk of a 
circuit court, the Judges of said court shall have power to fill such vacancy 
until the general election for Delegates to the General Assembly, to be held 
next thereafter, when a successor shall be elected for the term of six years. 

SEC. 26. The said clerks shall appoint, subject to the confirmation of the 
Judges of their respective courts, as many deputies under them, as the said 
Judges shall deem necessary to perform, together with themselves the duties 
of the said office, who shall be removable by the said Judges for incompe- 
tency, or neglect of duty, and whose compensation shall be according to 
existing, or future provisions of the General Assembly. 

Part IV.— Courts of Baltimore City. 

SEC. 27. There shall be in the Eighth Judicial Circuit, six courts, to be 
styled the Supreme Bench of Baltimore City, the Superior Court of Balti- 



STATE OF MARYLAND 343 

more City, the Court of Common Pleas, the Baltimore City Court, the 
Circuit Court ot Baltimore City, and the Criminal Court of Baltimore. 

SEC. 28. The Superior Court of Baltimore City, the Court of Common 
Pleas, and the Baltimore City Court shall each have concurrent jurisdiction 
in all civil common law cases, and concurrently all the jurisdiction which 
the Superior Court of Baltimore City and the Court of Common Pleas now 
have, except jurisdiction in equity, and except in applications for the benefit 
of the insolvent laws of Maryland, and in cases of appeal from judgments of 
Justices of the Peace in said city, whether civil or criminal, or arising under 
the ordinances of the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, of all of which 
appeal cases the Baltimore City Court shall have exclusive jurisdiction; and 
the said Court of Common Pleas shall have exclusive jurisdiction in all 
applications for the benefit of the insolvent laws of Maryland, and the super- 
vision and control of the trustees thereof. 

SEC. 29. The Circuit Court of Baltimore City shall have exclusive juris- 
diction in equity within the limits of said city, and all such jurisdiction as 
the present Circuit Court of Baltimore City has; provided, the said court 
shall not have jurisdiction in applications for the writ of habeas corpus in 
cases of persons charged with criminal offences. 

SEC. 30. The Criminal Court of Baltimore shall have and exercise all the 
jurisdiction, now held and exercised by the Criminal Court of Baltimore, 
except in such appeal cases as are herein assigned to the Baltimore City 
Court. 

SEC. 31. There shall be elected by the legal and qualified voters of said 
city, at the elections, hereinbefore provided for, one Chief Judge and four 
Associate Judges, who, together, shall constitute the Supreme Bench of 
Baltimore City, and shall hold their offices for the term of fifteen years, 
subject to the provisions of this Constitution with regard to the election and 
qualifications of Judges, and their removal from office, and shall exercise 
the jurisdiction hereinafter specified, and shall each receive an annual 
salary of $3,500, payable quarterly, which shall not be diminished during 
their term of office; but authority is hereby given to the Mayor and City 
Council of Baltimore to pay to each of the said Judges an annual addition 
of $500 to their respective salaries; provided, that the same, being once 
granted, shall not be diminished, nor increased, during the continuance of 
said Judges in office. 

SEC. 32. It shall be the duty of the said Supreme Bench of Baltimore 
City, as soon as the Judges thereof shall be elected and duly qualified, and 
from time to time, to provide for the holding of each of the aforesaid 
courts, by the assignment of one or more of their number to each of the 
said courts, who may sit either, separately, or together, in the trial of cases; 
and the said Supreme Bench of Baltimore City may, from time to time, 
change the said assignment, as circumstances may require, and the public 
interest may demand; and the Judge, or Judges, so assigned to the said 
several courts, shall, when holding the same, have all the powers and exer- 
cise all the jurisdiction, which may belong to the court so being held; and 
it shall also be the duty of the said Supreme Bench of Baltimore City, in 



^44 CONSTITUTION OF THE 

case of the sickness, absence, or disability of any Judge or Judges, assigned 
as aforesaid, to provide for the hearing of the cases, or transaction of the 
business assigned to said Judge, or Judges, as aforesaid, before some one, 
or more of the Judges of said Court. 

SEC. 33. The said Supreme Bench of Baltimore City shall have 
power, and it shall be its duty, to provide for the holding of as many 
general terms as the performance of its duties may require, such general 
terms to be held by not less than three Judges; to make all needful rules 
and regulations for the conduct of business in each of the said courts, 
during the session thereof, and in vacation, or in chambers, before any 
of said Judges, and shall also have jurisdiction to hear . and determine 
all motions for a new trial in cases tried in the criminal court, where such 
motions arise either, on questions of fact, or for misdirection upon any 
matters of law, and all motions in arrest of judgment, or upon any mat- 
ters of law determined by the said Judge, or Judges, while holding said 
criminal court; and the said Supreme Bench of Baltimore City shall make 
all needful rules and regulations for the hearing before it of all said mat- 
ters > and the same right of appeal to the Court of Appeals shall be allowed 
from the determination of the said court on such matters, as would have 
been the right of the parties if said matters had been decided by the 
court in which said cases were tried. The Judge before whom any case 
may hereafter be tried, in either the Baltimore City Court, the Superior 
Court of Baltimore City or in the Court of Common Pleas, shall have 
exclusive jurisdiction to hear and determine; and the said Judge shall 
hear and determine all motions for a new trial when such motions arise, 
either on questions of fact or for misdirection upon any matters of law; 
and all motions in arrest of judgment or upon any matters of law deter- 
mined by the said Judge and all such motions shall be heard and de- 
termined within thirty days after they are heard. 

SEC. 34. No appeal shall lie to the Supreme Bench of Baltimore City 
from the decision of the Judge, or the Judges, holding the Baltimore City 
Court, in case of appeal from a Justice of the Peace; but the decision by 
said Judge, or Judges, shall be final; and all writs and other process 
issued out of either of said courts, requiring attestation, shall be attested 
in the name of the Chief Judge of the said Supreme Bench of Baltimore 
City. 

SEC. 35. Three of the Judges of said Supreme Bench of Baltimore City, 
shall constitute a quorum of said court. 

SEC. 36. All causes depending, at the adoption of this Constitution, 
in the Superior Court of Baltimore City, the Court of Common Pleas, 
the Criminal Court of Baltimore, and the Circuit Court of Baltimore 
City, shall be proceeded in, and prosecuted to final judgment, or decree, 
in the courts, respectively, of the same name established by this Constitu- 
tion, except cases belonsing to that class, jurisdiction over which is by 
this Constitution transferred to the Baltimore City Court, all of which 
shall, together with all cases now pending in the City Court of Balti- 



STATE OF MARYLAND 345 

more, be proceeded in, and prosecuted to final judgment in said Baltimore 
City Court. 

SEC. 37. There shall be a clerk of each of the said courts of Baltimore 
City, except the Supreme Bench, who shall be elected by the legal and 
qualified voters of said city, at the election to be held in said city on the 
Tuesday next after the first Monday of November, in the year 1867, and 
shall hold his office for six years from the time of his election, and until 
his successor is elected and qualified and be re-eligible thereto, subject 
to be removed for wilful neglect of duty, or other misdemeanor in office, 
on conviction in a court of law. The salary of each of the said clerks 
shall be $3,500 a year, payable only out of the fees and receipts collected 
by the clerks of said city, and they shall be entitled to no other per- 
quisites or compensation. In case of a vacancy in the office of clerk of any 
of said courts, the Judges of said ^'^preme Bench of Baltimore City 
shall have power to fill such vacancy until the general election of Dele- 
gates to the General Assembly, to be held next thereafter, when a clerk 
of said court shall be elected to serve for six years thereafter; and the 
provisions of this Article, in relation to the appointment of deputies by 
the clerks of the circuit courts in the counties, shall apply to the clerks of 
the courts in Baltimore City. 

SEC, 38. The clerk of the Court of Common Pleas shall have authority 
to issue within said city, all marriage and other licenses required by law, 
subject to such provisions as are now or may be prescribed by law. The 
clerk of the Superior Court of said city shall receive and record all deeds, 
conveyances and other papers, which are or may be required by law to 
be recorded in said city. He shall also have custody of all papers con- 
nected with the proceedings on the law or equity side of Baltimore County 
Court, and of the dockets thereof, so far as the same have relation to the 
city of Baltimore, and shall also discharge the duties of clerk to the 
Supreme Bench of Baltimore City, unless otherwise provided by law. 

SEC. 39. The General Assembly shall, whenever it may think the same 
p-oper and expedient, provide, by law, another court for the city of Balti- 
more, and prescribe its jurisdiction and powers; in which case there shall 
be elected by the voters of said city, qualified under this Constitution, 
another Judge of the Supreme Bench of Baltimore City, who shall be 
subject to the same constitutional provisions, hold his office for the same 
term of years, receive the same compensation, and have the same powers, 
as are herein provided for the Judges of said Supreme Bench of Balti- 
more City; and all the provisions of this Constitution relating to the 
assignment of Judges to the courts, now existing in said city, and for the 
dispatch of business therein, shall apply to the court, for whose creation 
provision is made by this section. And the General Assembly may reap- 
portion, change or enlarge the jurisdiction of the several courts in Baltimore 
City. "Until otherwise provided by law, the clerk of the Superior Court 
of Baltimore City, of the Court of Common Pleas, of the Circuit Court of 
Baltimore City, of the Baltimore City Court, and of the Criminal Court 
of Baltimore, shall each give bond in such penalty as is now prescribed 



346 CONSTITUTION OF THE 

by law to be given by the clerks of the courts, bearing the same names, 
under the present Constitution. 



Part V. — Orphans' Court. 

SEC. 40. The qualified voters of the city of Baltimore, and of the 
several counties, shall on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in No- 
vember next, and on the same day in every fourth year thereafter, elect 
three men to be Judges of the orphans' courts of said city and counties, 
respectively, who shall be citizens of the State, and residents for the 
twelve months preceding, in the city, or county, for which they may be 
elected. They shall have all the powers now vested in the orphans' courts 
of the State, subject to such changes as the Legislature may prescribe. 
Each of said Judges shall be paid a per diem for the timt they are actually 
in session, to be regulated by law, and to be paid by the said city, or 
counties, respectively. In case of a vacancy in the office of Judge of the 
Orphans' Court, the Governor shall appoint, subject to confirmation, or 
rejection by the Senate, some suitable person to fill the same for the 
residue of the term. 

SEC. 41. There shall be a Register of Wills in each county of the State, 
and the city of Baltimore, to be elected by the legal and qualified voters 
of said counties and city, respectively, who shall hold his office for six 
years from the time of his election, and until his successor is elected and 
qualified; he shall be re-eligible and subject at all times to removal for 
wilful neglect of duty, or misdemeanor in olifice in the same manner that 
the clerks of courts are removable. In the event of any vacancy in the 
office of the Register of Wills, said vacancy shall be filled by the Judges 
of the Orphans' Court, in which such vacancy occurs, until the next 
general election for Delegates to the General Assembly, when a Register 
shall be elected to serve for six years thereafter. 



Part VI. — Justices of the Peace. 

SEC. 42. The Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the 
Senate, shall appoint such number of Justices of the Peace, and the 
County Commissioners of the several counties, and the Mayor and City 
Council of Baltimore, respectively, shall appoint such number of Con- 
stables, for the several election districts of the counties, and wards of 
the city of Baltimore, as are now, or may hereafter be prescribed by law; 
and Justices of the Peace and Constables, so appointed, shall be subject 
to removal by the Judge, or Judges, having criminal jurisdiction in the 
county, or city, for incompetency, wilful neglect of duty, or misdemeanor 
in office, on conviction in a court of law. The Justices of the Peace and 
Constables, so appointed, and commissioned, shall be conservators of the 
peace, shall hold their office for two years, and shall have jurisdiction, 
duties and compensation, subject to such right of appeal, in all cases, from 



STATE OF MARYLAND 347 

the judgment of Justices of the Peace, as hath been heretofore exercised, 
or shall be hereafter prescribed by law. 

SEC. 43. In the event of a vacancy in the office of a Justice of the 
Peace the Governor shall appoint a person to serve as a Justice of the 
Peace for the residue of the term; and in case of a vacancy in the office 
of Constable the County Commissioners of the county in which the 
vacancy occurs, or the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, as the case 
may be, shall appoint a person to serve as Constable for the residue of 
the term. 

Part VII.— Sheriffs. 

SEC. 44. There shall be elected in each county, and in the city of 
Baltimore, in every second year, one person, resident in said county or 
city, above the age of twenty-five years, and at least five years preceding 
his election, a citizen of this State, to the office of Sheriff. He shall hold 
his office fo-r two years, and until his successor is duly elected and quali- 
fied; shall be ineligible for two years thereafter; shall give such bond, 
exercise such powers and perform such duties as now are or may hereafter 
be fixed by law. In case of a vacancy by death, resignation, refusal to 
servei or neglect to qualify, or give bond, or by disqualification, or removal 
from the county or city, the Governor shall appoint a person to be 
Sheriff for the remainder of the official term. 

SEC. 45. Coroners, Elisors and Notaries Public may be appointed for 
each county and the city of Baltimore in the manner, for the purpose, 
and with the powers now fixed or which may hereafter be prescribed by 
law. 



ARTICLE V. 

ATTORNEY GENERAL AND STATE'S ATTORNEYS. 
Attorney General. 

SECTION 1. There shall be an Attorney General elected by the quali- 
fied voters of the State, on general ticket, on the Tuesday next after the 
first Monday in the month of November, 1867, and on the same day, in 
every fourth year thereafter, who shall hold his office for four years from 
the time of his election and qualification, and until his successor is elected 
and qualified, and shall be re-eligible thereto, and shall be subject to re- 
moval for incompetency, wilful neglect of duty, or misdemeanor in office, 
on conviction in a court of law. 

SEC. 2. All elections for Attorney General shall be certified to, and 
returns made thereof by the clerks of the circuit courts for the several 
counties, and the Clerk of the Superior Court of Baltimore City, to the 
Governor of the State, whose duty it shall be to decide on the election 



348 CONSTITUTION OF THE 

and qualification of the person returned; and in case of a tie between two 
or more persons, to designate which of said persons shall qualify as At- 
torney General, and to administer the oath of office to the person elected. 

SEC. 3. It shall be the duty of the Attorney General to prosecute and 
defend on the part of the State, all cases, which at the time of his ap- 
pointment and qualification and which thereafter may be depending in the 
Court of Appeals, or in the Supreme Court of the United States, by or 
against the State, or wherein the State may be interested; and he shall 
give his opinion in writing whenever required by the General Assembly, 
or either branch thereof, the Governor, the Comptroller, the Treasurer, 
or any State's Attorney, on any legal matter, or subject depending before 
them, or either of them; and when required by the Governor, or the 
General Assembly, he shall aid any State's Attorney in prosecuting any 
suit or action brought by the State in any court of this State; and he shall 
commence and prosecute, or defend, any suit or action in any of said 
courts, on the part of the State, which the General Assembly, or the 
Governor, acting according to law, shall direct to be commenced, prose- 
cuted or defended; and he shall receive for his services an annual salary 
of $3,000, but he shall not be entitled to receive any fees, perquisites, or 
rewards, whatever, in addition to the salary aforesaid, for the performance 
of any official duty; nor have power to appoint any agent, representative, 
or deputy, under any circumstances, whatever; nor shall the Governor 
employ any additional counsel in any case, whatever, unless authorized 
by the General Assembly. 

SEC. 4, No person shall be eligible to the office of Attorney General, 
who is not a citizen of this i'tate, and a qualified voter therein, and has 
not resided and practised law in this State for at least ten years. 

SEC. 5. In case of vacancy in the office of Attorney General, occa- 
sioned by death, resignation, removal from the State, or from office, or 
other disqualification, the said vacancy shall be filled by the Governor, 
for the residue of the term thus made vacant. 

SEC. 6. It shall be the duty of the Clerk of the Court of Appeals and of 
the Commissioner of the Land Office, respectively, whenever a case shall 
be brought into said court, or office, in which the State is a party, or has 
interest, immediately to notify the Attorney General thereof. 



The State's Attorneys. 

SEC. 7. There shall be an attorney for the State in each county, and the 
city of Baltimore, to be styled "The State's Attorney," who shall be elected 
by the voters thereof, respectively, on the Tuesday next after the first Mon- 
day in November in the year 1867, and on the same day every fourth 
year thereafter; and shall hold his office for four years from the first Mon- 
day in January next ensuing his election, and until his successor shall be 
elected and qualified; and shall be re-eligible thereto, and be subject to 
removal therefrom, for incompetency, wilful neglect of duty, or misde- 



STATE OF MARYLAND MO 

meaner in office, on conviction in a court of law, or by a vote of two-thirds 
of the Senate, on the recommendation of the Attorney General. 

SEC. 8. All elections for the State's Attorney shall be certified to, and 
returns made thereof, by the clerks of the said counties and city, to the 
Judges thereof having criminal jurisdiction, respectively, whose duty it 
shall be to decide upon the elections and qualifications of the persons 
returned; and in case of a tie between two or more persons, to designate 
which of said persons shall qualify as State's Attorney, and to administer 
the oaths of office to the person elected. 

SEC. 9. The State's Attorney shall perform such duties and receive such 
fees and commissions as are now, or may hereafter be prescribed by law, 
and if any State's Attorney shall receive any other fee or reward, than such 
as is, or may be allowed by law, he shall, on conviction thereof, be removed 
from office; provided, that the State's Attorney for Baltimore City shall 
have power to appoint one deputy, at a salary of not more than $1,500 per 
annum, to be paid by the State's Attorney out of the fees of his office, as 
has heretofore been practised, 

SEC. 10. No person shall be eligible to the office of State's Attorney, 
who has not been admitted to practice law in this State, and who has not 
resided for at least two years in the county or city in which he may be 
elected. 

SEC. 11. In case of vacancy in the office of State's Attorney, or of his 
removal from the county or city in which he shall have been elected, or on 
his conviction, as herein specified, the said vacancy shall be filled by the 
Judge of the county or city, respectively, having criminal jurisdiction, in 
which said vacancy shall occur, for the residue of the term thus made 
vacant. 

SEC. 12. The State's Attorney, in each county, and the city of Balti- 
more, shall have authority to collect, and give receipt, in the name of 
the State, for such sums of money as may be collected by him, and forth- 
with make return of, and pay over the same, to the proper accountant 
officer. And the State's Attorney of each county, and the city of Baltimore, 
before he shall enter on the discharge of his duties, shall execute a bond 
to the State of Maryland, for the faithful performance of his duties, in the 
penalty of $10,000, with two or more sureties, to be approved by the Judge 
of the court, having criminal jurisdiction, in said counties or city. 



ARTICLE VL 

TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 

SECTION 1. There shall be a Treasury Department consisting of a 
Comptroller, chosen by the qualified electors of the State, at each regular 
election of members of the House of Delegates, who shall receive an annual 
salary of $2,500; and a Treasurer to be appointed by the two houses of the 



350 CONSTITUTION OF THE 

Legislature, at each regular session thereof, on joint ballot, who shall re- 
ceive an annual salary of $2,500; and the terms of office of the said Comp- 
troller and Treasurer shall be for two years, and until their successors 
shall qualify; and neither of the said officers shall be allowed, or receive 
any fees, commissions or perquisites of any kind, in addition to his salary, 
for the performance of any duty or services whatsoever. In case of a 
vacancy in either of the offices, by death, or otherwise, the Governor, by 
and with the advice and consent of the Senate shall fill such vacancy, by 
appointment to continue until another election, or a choice by the Legis- 
lature, as the case may be, and until the qualification of the successor. The 
Comptroller and the Treasurer shall keep their offices at the seat of Gov- 
ernment, and shall take such oath, and enter into such bonds for the faithful 
discharge of their duties as are now, or may hereafter be, prescribed by 
law. 

SEC. 2. The Comptroller shall have the general superintendence of 
the fiscal affairs of the State; he shall digest and prepare plans for the 
improvement and management of the revenue, and for the support of the 
public credit; prepare and report estimates of the revenue and expenditures 
of the State; superintend and enforce the prompt collection of all taxes 
and revenue; adjust and settle, on terms, prescribed by law, with delin- 
quent collectors and receivers of taxes and State revenue; preserve all 
public accounts; decide on the forms of keeping and stating accounts; 
grant, under regulations, prescribed by law, all warrants for money to be 
paid out of the treasury, in pursuance of appropriations by law; and 
countersign all checks drawn by the Treasurer upon any bank or banks, 
in which the moneys of the State may, from time to time, be deposited; 
prescribe the formalities of the transfer of stock, or other evidence of the 
State debt, and countersign the same, without which, such evidence shall 
not be valid; he shall make to the General Assembly full reports of all his 
proceedings, and of the state of the Treasury Department, within ten days 
after the commencement of each session; and perform such other duties as 
shall be prescribed by law. 

SEC. 3. The Treasurer shall receive the moneys of the State, and, until 
otherwise prescribed by law, deposit them, as soon as received, to the 
credit of the State, in such bank, or banks, as he may, from time to time, 
with the approval of the Governor, select (the said bank or banks giving 
security, satisfactory to the Governor, for the safe keeping and forthcom- 
ing, when required, of said deposits), and shall disburse the same for the 
purposes of the State, according to law, upon warrants drawn by the 
Comptroller, and on checks, countersigned by him, and not otherwise; he 
shall take receipts for all moneys paid by him; and receipts for moneys re- 
ceived by him shall be endorsed upon warrants, signed by the Comptroller; 
without which warrants, so signed, no acknowledgment of money received 
into the treasury shall be valid; and upon warrants, issued by the Comp- 
troller, he shall make arrangements for the payment of the interest of the 
public debt, and for the purchase thereof on account of the sinking fund. 
Every bond, certificate, or other evidence of the debt of the State, shall be 



STATE OF MARYLAND -%! 

signed by the Treasurer, and countersigned by the Comptroller, and no new 
certificate, or other evidence intended to replace another, shall be issued 
until the old one shall be delivered to the Treasurer, and authority executed 
in due form for the transfer of the same filed in his office, and the transfer 
accordingly made on the books thereof, and the certificate or other evi- 
dence cancelled; but the Legislature may make provisions for the loss of 
certificates, or other evidences of the debt; and may prescribe by law, 
the manner in which the Treasurer shall receive and keep the moneys of 
the State. 

SEC. 4. The Treasurer shall render his accounts quarterly to the Comp- 
troller, and shall publish monthly in such newspapers as the Governor may 
direct an abstract thereof, showing the amount of cash on hand, and the 
place or places of deposit thereof; and on the third day of each regular 
session of the Legislature he shall submit to the Senate and House of 
Delegates fair and accurate copies of all accounts by him, from time to 
time, rendered and settled with the Comptroller. He shall at all times 
submit to the Comptroller the inspection of the money in his hands, and 
perform all other duties that shall be prescribed by law. 

SEC. 5. The Comptroller shall qualify and enter on the duties of his 
office on the third Monday of January next succeeding the time of his 
election, or as soon thereafter as practicable. And the Treasurer shall 
qualify within one month after his appointment by the Legislature. 

SEC. 6. Whenever during the recess of the Legislature charges shall be 
preferred to the Governor against the Comptroller or Treasurer for in- 
competency, malfeasance in office, wilful neglect of duty, or misappropria- 
tion of the funds of the State, it shall be the duty of the Governor forth- 
with to notify the party so charged and fix a day for a hearing of said 
charges; and if from the evidence taken, under oath, on said hearing be- 
fore the Governor, the said allegations shall be sustained, it shall be the 
duty of the Governor to remove said offending officer and appoint another 
in his place, who shall hold the office for the unexpired term of the officer 
so removed. 



ARTICLE VIL 

SUNDRY OFFICERS. 

County Commissioners— Surveyor — State Librarian— Commissioner of 
THE Land Office^Wreck jMaster. 

SECTION 1. County Commissioners shall be elected on general ticket 
of each county by the qualified voters of the several counties of this State, 
on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in the month of November, 
1867, and on the same day in every second year thereafter. Their nvmi- 
ber in each county, their compensation, powers and duties, shall be such as 
are now, or may be hereafter prescribed by law. 



S52 CONSTITUTION OF THE 

SEC. 2. The qualified voters of each county and of the city of Baltimore 
shall on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in the month of Novem- 
ber, in the year 1867, and on the same day in every second year there- 
after, elect a surveyor for each county and the city of Baltimore, respec- 
tively, whose term of office shall commence on the first Monday of Janu- 
ary next ensuing their election; and whose duties and compensation shall 
be the same as are now or may hereafter be prescribed by law. And any 
vacancy in the office of Surveyor shall be filled by the Commissioners of 
the counties, or by the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, respectively, 
for the residue of the term. 

SEC. 3. The State Librarian shall be appointed by the Governor, by 
and with the advice and consent of the Senate and shall hold his office 
during the term of the Governor, by whom he shall have been appointed 
and until his successor shall be appointed and qualified. His salary shall 
be $1,500 a year; and he shall perform such duties as are now, or may 
hereafter be prescribed by law; and no appropriation shall be made by law, 
to pay for any clerk, or assistant to the Librarian. And it shall be the 
duty of the Legislature, at its first session after the adoption of this Con- 
stitution, to pass a law regulating the mode and manner in which the books 
in the Library shall be kept and accounted for by the Librarian, and re- 
quiring the Librarian to give a bond, in such penalty as the Legislature 
may prescribe, for the proper discharge of his duties. 

SEC. 4. There shall be a Commissioner of the Land Office, who shall 
be appointed by the Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the 
Senate, who shall hold his office during the term of the Governor, by whom 
he shall have been appointed, and until his successor shall be appointed 
and qualified. He shall perform such duties as are now required of the 
Commissioner of the Land Office, or such as may hereafter be prescribed 
by law, and shall also be the keeper of the Chancery Records. He shall 
receive a salary of .$1,500 per annum, to be paid out of the treasury, and 
shall charge such fees as are now, or may be hereafter fixed by law. He 
shall make a semi-annual report of all the fees of his office, both as Com- 
missioner of the Land Office, and as keeper of the Chancery Records, to 
the Comptroller of the Treasury, and shall pay the same semi-annually into 
the treasury. 

SEC. 5. The Commissioner of the Land Office shall also, without addi- 
tional compensation, collect, arrange, classify, have charge of, and safely 
keep all papers, records, lelics, and other memorials connected with the 
Early History of Maryland, not belonging to any other office. 

SEC. 6. The qualified voters of Worcester County shall, on the Tuesday 
next after the first Monday in the month of November, in the year 1S67, 
and every two years thereafter, elect a Wreck Master for said county, 
whose duties and compensation shall be the same as are now or may bt 
hereafter prescribed by law; the term of office of said Wreck Master shall 
commence on the first Monday of January next succeeding his election, and 
a vacancy in said office shall be filled by the County Commissioners of 
said county for the residue of the term. 



STATE OF MARYLAND ^^^ 

ARTICLE VIIL 

EDUCATION. 

SECTION 1. The General Assembly, at its first session after the adop- 
tion of this Constitution, shall by law establish throughout the Sta e a 
thorough and efficient system of free public schools; and shall provide by 
taxation or otherwise, for their maintenance. ^ i, ,, _,•„ 

QFC 2 The system of public schools, as now constituted, shall remain 
in fotie unm the end of the said first session of the General Assemby 
Ind shall then expire; except so far as adopted or continued by the General 

""SE^S." The School Fund of the State shall be kept inviolate, and ap- 
propriated only to the purposes of education. 



ARTICLE IX, 

MILITIA AND MILITARY AFFAIRS. 
SECTION 1. The General Assembly shall make, from time to time 

ernor by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. He shall hod 
h "office ::' The appointment and qualification ot "s successor or un 1 

, . „ ^f tVip sentence of a court martial. We snaii per 

= -"=3; r rrarzcc — d^:^ o^ «: 

:rce°ItThe s a. o government: unless absent, under orders, on duty; 
"afd^o'otheVotcer o1 the genera, staff o. the mih.ia shall rece.ve salary 
«r nav except when on service and mustered in with troops. 

SEC 3 The existing militia law of the State shall expire at the end of 
the next selsion of the General Assembly, except so far as .. may be re- 
enacted, subject to the provisions of this article. 



ARTICLE X. 

(Discontinued.) 



ARTICLE XI. 

CITY OF BALTIMORE. 
SECTION 1. The inhabitants of the city of Baltimore, qualified by law 
to fo^^in lid city for members of the House of Delegates, shall on the 



354 CONSTITUTION OF THE 

Tuesday after the first Monday of November, 1889, and on the same day in 
every second year thereafter, elect a person to be Mayor of the city oi 
Baltimore, who shall have such qualifications, receive such compensation, 
discharge such duties and have such powers as are now, or may hereafter 
be prescribed by law; and the term of whose office shall commence on the 
first Monday of November succeeding his election, and shall continue for 
two years, and until his successor shall have qualified. 

SEC. 2. The City Council of Baltimore shall consist of two branches, 
one of which shall be called the First Branch, and the other the Second 
Branch, and each shall consist of such number of members, having such 
qualification, receiving such compensation, performing such duties, pos- 
sessing such powers, holding such terms of office, and elected in such 
manner, as are now, or may hereafter be prescribed by law. 

SEC. 3. An election for members of the First Branch of the City 
Council of Baltimore shall be held in the city of Baltimore on the Tues- 
day after the first Monday of November in every year; and- for members 
ot the Second Branch on the Tuesday after the first Monday of November, 
1889, and on the same day in every second year thereafter; and the quali- 
fication for electors of the members of the City Council shall be the same 
as those prescribed for the electors of Mayor. 

SEC. 4. The regular sessions of the City Council of Baltimore (which 
shall be annual), shall commence on the third Monday of January of each 
year, and shall not continue more than ninety days, exclusive of Sundays; 
but the Mayor may convene the City Council in extra session whenever, 
and as often as it may appear to him that the public good may require; 
but no called, or extra session shall last longer than twenty days, exclusive 
of Sundays. 

SEC. 5. No person elected and qualified as Mayor, or as a member of 
the City Council, shall, during the term for which he was elected, hold 
any other office of profit or trust, created, or to be created, by the Mayor 
and City Council of Baltimore, or by any law relating to the corporation 
of Baltimore, or hold any employment or position, the compensation of 
which shall be paid, directly or indirectly, out of the city treasury; nor 
shall any such person be interested, directly or indirectly, in any contract, 
to which the city is a party; nor shall it be lawful for any person holding 
any office under the city, to be interested, while holding such office, in any 
contract, to which the city is a party. 

SEC. 6. The Mayor shall, on conviction in a court of law, of wilful 
neglect of duty, or misbehavior in office, be removed from office by the 
Governor of the State, and a successor shall thereafter be elected, as in 
a case of vacancy. 

SEC. 7. From and after the adoption of this Constitution, no debt 
(except as hereinafter excepted) shall be created by the Mayor and City 
Council of Baltimore; nor shall the credit of the Mayor and City Council 
of Baltimore be given or loaned to, or in aid of any individual, association, 
or corporation; nor shall the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore have 
the power to involve the city of Baltimore in the construction of works of 



STATE OF MARYLAND 355 

internal improvement, nor in granting any aid thereto, which shall in- 
volve the faith and credit of the city, nor make any appropriation there- 
for, unless such debt or credit be authorized by an Act of the General 
Assembly of Maryland, and by an ordinance of the Mayor and City Council 
of Baltimore, submitted to the legal voters of the city of Baltimore at such 
time and place as may be fixed by said ordinance, and approved by a 
majority of the votes cast at such time and place; but the Mayor and City 
Council may, temporarily, borrow any amount of money to meet any de- 
ficiency in the city treasury, or to provide for any emergency arising from 
the necessity of maintaining the police, or preserving the safety and sani- 
tary condition of the city, and may make due and proper arrangements 
and agreements for the removal and extension, in whole or in part, of any 
and all debts and obligations, created according to law before the adoption 
of this Constitution. 

SEC. 8. All laws and ordinances, now in force, applicable to the city 
of Baltimore, not inconsistent with this article, shall be, and they are 
hereby continued until changed in due course of law. 

SEC. 9. The General Assembly may make such changes in this article, 
except in Section 7 thereof, as it may deem best; and this article shall 
not be so construed, or taken as to make the political corporation of Bal- 
timore independent of, or free from the control which the General Assembly 
of Maryland has over all such corporations in this State. 



ARTICLE XIL 

PUBLIC WORKS. 

SECTION 1. The Governor, Comptroller of the Treasury, and the 
Treasurer, shall constitute the Board of Public Works in this State. They 
shall keep a journal of their proceedings, and shall hold regular sessions in 
the city of Annapolis, on the first Wednesday in January, April, July and 
October, in each year, and oftpner, if necessary; at which sessions they shall 
hear and determine such matters as affect the public works of the State, 
and as the General Assembly may confer upon them the power to decide. 

SEC. 2. They shall exercise a diligent and faithful supervision of all 
public works in which the State may be interested as stockholder or cred- 
itor, and shall represent and vote the stock of the State of Maryland in all 
meetings of the stockholders of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal; and shall 
appoint the directors in every railroad and canal company in which the 
State has the legal power to appoint directors, which said directors shall 
represent the State in all meetings of the stockholders of the respective 
companies for which they are appointed or elected. And the president and 
directors of the said Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company shall so regu- 
late the tolls of said company, from time to time, as to produce the largest 
amount of revenue, and to avoid the injurious effects to said company of 



356 CONSTITUTION OF THE 

rival competition by other internal improvement companies. They shall 
require the directors of all said public works to guard the public interest 
and prevent the establishment of tolls which shall discriminate against the 
interest of the citizens or products of this State, and from time to time, 
and as often as there shall be any change in the rates of toll on any of the 
said works, to furnish the said Board of Public Works a schedule of such 
modified rates of toll, and so adjust them as to promote the agricultural 
interests of the State; they shall report to the General Assembly at each 
regular session and recommend such legislation as they may deem neces- 
sary and requisite to promote or protect the interests of the State in the 
said public works; they shall perform such other duties as may be hereafter 
prescribed by law; and a majority of them shall be competent to act. The 
Governor, Comptroller and Treasurer shall receive no additional salary for 
services rendered by them as members of the Board of Public Works. 
The provisions of the Act of the General Assembly of Maryland of the year 
1867, Chapter 359, are hereby declared null and void. 

SEC. 3. The Board of Public Works is hereby authorized to exchange 
the State's interest as stockholder and creditor in the Baltimore and Ohio 
Railroad Company for an equal amount of the bonds or registered debt 
now owing by the State, to the extent only of all the preferred stock of 
the State on which the State is entitled to only six per cent, interest, pro- 
vided such exchange shall not be made at less than par, nor less than 
the market value of said stock; and the said board is authorized, subject to 
such regulations and conditions as the General Assembly may from time 
to time prescribe, to sell the State's interests in the other works of internal 
improvement, whether as a stockholder or a creditor, and also the State's 
interest in any banking corporation, receiving in payment the bonds and 
registered debt now owing by the State, equal in amount to the price ob- 
tained for the State's said interest; provided, that the interest of the State 
in the Washington Branch of the Balimore and Ohio Railroad be reserved 
and excepted from sale; and provided further, that no sale or contract of 
sale of the State's interest in the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, the Chesa- 
peake and Delaware Canal, and the Susquehanna and Tide-water Canal 
Companies shall go into effect until the same shall be ratified by the ensu- 
ing General Assembly. 



ARTICLE Xni. 

NEW COUNTIES. 

SECTION 1. The General Assembly may provide by law, for organizing 
new counties, locating and removing county seats, and changing county 
lines; but no new county shall be organized without the consent of the 
majority of the legal voters residing within the limits proposed to be formed 
into said new county; and whenever a new county shall be proposed to be 
formed out of portions of two or more counties, the consent of a majority 



STATE OF MARYLAND 357 

of the legal voters of such part of each of said counties, respectively, shall 
be required; nor shall the lines of any county be changed without the con- 
sent of a majority of the legal voters, residing within the district, which, 
under said proposed change, would form a part of a county different from 
that to which it belonged prior to said change; and no new county shall 
contain less than four hundred sqviare miles, nor less than ten thousand 
white inhabitants; nor shall any change be made in the limits of any 
county, whereby the population of said county would be reduced to less 
than ten thousand white inhabitants, or its territory reduced to less than 
four hundred square miles. 

SEC. 2. At the election to be held for the adoption, or rejection of this 
Constitution, in each election district, in those parts of Worcester and 
Somerset counties, comprised within the following limits, viz: Beginning 
at the point, where Mason and Dixon's line crosses the channel of Pocomoke 
River, thence following said line to the channel of the Nanticoke River, 
thence with the channel of said river to Tangier Sound, or' the intersection 
of Nanticoke and Wicomico Rivers, thence up the channel of the Wicomico 
River to the mouth of Wicomico Creek, thence with the channel of said 
creek and Passerdyke Creek to Dashield's, or Disharoon's Mills, thence 
with the mill-pond of said mills and branch following the middle prong of 
said branch, to Meadow Bridge, on the road, dividing the counties of 
Somerset and Worcester, near the southwest corner of the farm of Wil- 
liam P. Morris, thence due east to the Pocomoke River, thence with the 
channel of said river to the beginning, the judges of election, in each of 
said districts, shall receive the ballots of each elector, voting at said elec- 
tion, who has resided for six months, preceding said election within said 
limits, for or against a new county; and the return judges of said election 
districts shall certify the result of such voting, in the manner, now pre- 
scribed by law, to the Governor, who shall by proclamation make known 
the same; and if a majority of the legal votes, cast within that part of 
Worcester County, contained within said lines, and also a majority of the 
legal votes cast within that part of Somerset County, contained within 
said lines, shall be in favor of a new county, then said parts of Worcester 
and Somerset Counties shall become and constitute a new county, to be 
called Wicomico County; and Salisbury shall be the county seat. And the 
inhabitants thereof shall thenceforth have and enjoy all such rights and 
privileges as are held and enjoyed by the inhabitants of the other counties 
of this State. 

SEC. 3. When said new county shall have been so created, the inhabit- 
ants thereof shall cease to have any claim to, or interest in the county 
buildings, and other public property of every description, belonging to 
said counties of Somerset and Worcester, respectively, and shall be liable 
for their proportionate shares of the then existing debts and obligations 
of the said counties, according to the last assessment in said counties, to 
be ascertained and apportioned by the Circuit Court for Somerset County, 
as to the debts and obligations of said county, and by the Circuit Court 
for Worcester County, on the debts and obligations of Worcester County. 



358 CONSTITUTION OF THE 

on the petition of the County Commissioners of the said counties, respec- 
tively; and the property in each part of the said counties, included in said 
new county, shall be bound only for the share of the debts and obligations 
of the county from which it shall be separated; and the inhabitants of said 
new county shall also pay the county taxes, levied upon them at the time 
of the creation of such new county, as if such new county had not been 
created; and on the application of twelve citizens of the proposed county of 
VN'icomico, the Surveyor of Worcester County shall run and locate the line 
from Meadow liridge to the Pocomoke River, previous to the adoption, 
or rejection of this Constitution, and at the expense of said petitioners. 

SEC. 4. At the first general election, held under this Constitution, the 
qualified voters of said new county shall be entitled to elect a Senator, and 
two Delegates to the General Assembly, and all such county, or other 
officers as this Constitution may authorize, or require to be elected by 
other counties of the State; a notice of such election shall be given by the 
Sheriffs of Worcester and Somerset Counties in the manner now pre- 
scribed by law; and in case said new county shall be established, as afore- 
said, then the counties of Somerset and Worcester shall be entitled to elect 
but two Delegates each to the General Assembly. 

SEC. 5. The county of Wicomico, if formed according to the provisions 
of this Constitution, shall be embraced in the First Judicial Circuit; and the 
times for holding the courts therein shall be fixed and determined by the 
General Assembly. 

SEC. 6. The General Assembly shall pass all such laws as may be neces- 
sary more fully to carry into effect the provisions of this article. 



ARTICLE XIV. 

AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 

SECTION 1. The General Assembly may propose amendments to this 
Constitution; provided, that each amendment shall be embraced in a sepa- 
rate bill, embodying the article or section, as the same will stand when 
amended and passed by three-fifths of all the members elected to each of 
the two houses, by yeas and nays, to be entered on the journals with the 
proposed amendment. The bill, or bills, proposing amendment, or amend- 
ments, shall be published by order of the Governor, in at least two news- 
papers in each county, where so many m.ay be published, and where not 
more than one may be published, then in that newspaper, and in three 
newspapers published in the city of Baltimore, one of which shall be 
in the German language, once a week, for at least three months preceding 
the next ensuing general election, at which the said proposed amendment, 
or amendments, shall be submitted, in a form to be prescribed by the 
General Assembly, to the qualified voters of the State for adoption or 
rejection. The votes cast for and against said proposed amendment, or 



STATE OF MARYLAND 359 

amendments, severally, shall be returned to the Governor, in the manner 
prescribed in other cases, and if it shall appear to the Governor that a ma- 
jority of the votes cast at said election on said amendment, or amendments, 
severally, were cast in favor thereof, the Governor shall, by his proclama- 
tion, declare the said amendment, or amendments, having received said 
majority of votes, to have been adopted by the people of Maryland as part 
of the Constitution thereof, and thenceforth said amendment, or amend- 
ments, shall be part of the said Constitution. When two or more amend- 
ments shall be submitted, in manner aforesaid, to the voters of this State 
at the same election, they shall be so submitted as that each amendment 
shall be voted on separately. 

SEC. 2. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to provide by law 
for taking, at the general election to be held in the year 1887, and every 
twenty years thereafter, the sense of the people in regard to calling a con- 
vention for altering this Constitution, and if a majority of voters at such 
election or elections shall vote for a convention, the General Assembly, at 
its next session, shall provide by law for the assembling of such convention, 
and for the election of delegates thereto. Each county, and legislative 
district of the city of Baltimore, shall have in such convention a number 
of delegates equal to its representation in both houses at the time at which 
the convention is called. But any Constitution, or change, or amendment, 
of the existing Constitution, which may be adopted by such convention, 
shall be submitted to the voters of this State, and shall have no effect 
unless the same shall have been adopted by a majority of the voters 
voting thereon. 



ARTICLE XV. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

SECTION 1. Every person holding any office created by, or existing 
under the Constitution, or laws of the State (except Justices of the Peace, 
Constables and Coroners), or holding any appointment under any court 
of this State, whose pay or compensation is derived from fees, or moneys 
coming into his hands for the discharge of his official duties, or, in any 
way, growing out of, or connected with his office, shall keep a book in 
which shall be entered every sum or sums of money received by him, or 
on his account, as a payment or compensation for his performance of official 
duties, a copy of which entries in said book, verified by the oath of the 
officer, by whom it is directed to be kept, shall be returned yearly to the 
Comptroller of the State for his inspection, and that of the General As- 
sembly of the State, to which the Comptroller shall, at each regular session 
thereof, make a report showing what officers have complied with this sec- 
tion; and each of the said officers, when the amount received by him for 
the year shall exceed the sum which he is by law entitled to retain, as his 
salary, or compensation for the discharge of his duties, and for the 



360 CONSTITUTION OF THE 

expenses of his office, shall yearly pay over to the Treasurer of the State the 
amount of such excess, subject to such disposition thereof as the General 
Assembly may direct; if any of such officers shall fail to comply with the 
requisitions of this section for the period of thirty days after the expiration 
of each and every year of his office, such officer shall be deemed to have 
vacated his office, and the Governor shall declare the same vacant, and the 
vacancy therein shall be filled as in case of vacancy for any other cause, 
and such officer shall be subject to suit by the State for the amount that 
ought to be paid into the treasury; and no person holding any office 
created by, or existing under this Constitution, or laws of the State, or 
holding any appointment under any court in this State, shall receive more 
than $3,000 a year as a compensation for the discharge oi his official duties, 
except in cases specially provided in this Constitution. 

SEC. 2. The several courts existing in this State at the time of the 
adoption of this Constitution, shall, until superseded under its provisions, 
continue with like powers and jurisdiction, and in the exercise thereof, 
both at law and in equity, in all respects, as if this Constitution had not 
been adopted; and when said courts shall be so superseded, all causes then 
depending in said courts, shall pass into the jurisdiction of the several 
courts, by which they may be respectively superseded. 

SEC. 3. The Governor, and all officers, civil and military, now holding 
office under this State, whether by election or appointment, shall con- 
tinue to hold, exercise and discharge the duties of their offices (unless 
inconsistent with, or otherwise provided in this Constitution) until they 
shall be superseded, under its provisions, and until their successors shall 
be duly qualified. 

SEC. 4. If at any election directed by this Constitution, any two or more 
candidates shall have the highest and an equal number of votes, a new 
election shall be ordered by the Governor, except in cases specially pro- 
vided for by this Constitution. 

SEC. 5. In the trial of all criminal cases, the jury shall be the judges 
of law, as well as of fact. 

SEC. 6. The right of trial by jury of all issues of fact in civil proceedings 
in the several courts of law in this State, where the amount in controversy 
exceeds the sum of $5, shall be inviolably preserved. 

SEC. 7. All general elections in this State shall be held on the Tues- 
day next after the first Monday in the month of November, in the year 
in which they shall occur; and the first election of all officers, who, under 
this Constitution, are required to be elected by the people, shall, except 
in cases herein specially provided for, be held on the Tuesday next after 
the first Monday of November, in the year 1867. 

SEC. 8. The Sheriffs of the several counties of this State, and of the 
city of Baltimore, shall give notice of the several elections authorized by 
this Constitution, in the manner prescribed by existing laws for elections 
to be held in this State, until said laws shall be changed. 

SEC. 9. The term of office of all Judges and other officers, for whose 
election provision is made by this Corstitution, shall except in cases other- 



STATE OF MARYLAND 



361 



wise expressly provided herein, commence from the time of their election; 
and all such other officers shall qualify as soon after their election as prac- 
ticable, and shall enter upon the duties of their respective offices imme- 
diately upon their qualification; and the term of office of the State Librarian 
and ot the Commissioner of the Land Office shall commence from the time 
of their appointment. 

SEC. 10. Any officer elected or appointed in pursuance of the provisions 
of this Constitution, may qualify, either according to the existing pro- 
visions of law, in relation to officers under the present Constitution, or 
before the Governor of the State, or before any clerk of any court of record 
in any part of the State; but in case an officer shall qualify out of the 
county in which he resides, an official copy of his oath shall be filed and 
recorded in the clerk's office of the Circuit Court for the county in which 
he may reside, or in the clerk's office of the Superior Court of the city of 
Baltimore, if he shall reside therein. 

Vote on the Constitution. 

For the purpose of ascertaining the sense of the people of this State in 
regard to the adoption or rejection of this Constitution, the Governor shall 
issue his proclamation within five days after the adjournment of this con- 
vention, directed to the Sheriffs of the city of Baltimore and of the several 
counties of this State, commanding them to give notice, in the manner 
now prescribed by law in reference to the election of members of the 
House of Delegates, that an election for the adoption or rejection of this 
Constitution will be held in the city of Baltimore and in the several 
counties of this State, on Wednesday, the eighteenth day of September, in 
the year 1867, at the usual places of holding elections for members 
of the House of Delegates in said city and counties. At the said election 
the vote shall be by ballot, and upon each ballot there shall be written ar 
printed the words, "For the Constitution," or "Against the Constitution," 
as the voter may elect; and the provisions of the laws of this Slate, re- 
lating to the holding of general elections for members of the House of 
Delegates, shall, in all respects, apply to and regulate the holding of the 
said election. It shall be the duty of the judges of election in said city 
and in the several counties of the State to receive, accurately count and 
duly return the number of ballots so cast for or against the adoption 
of this Constitution, as well as any blank ballots, which may be cast, to the 
several clerks of the circuit courts of this State, and to the clerk of the 
Superior Court of Baltimore City, in the manner now prescribed by law, 
in reference to the election of members of the House of Delegates, and 
duplicates thereof directly to the Governor; and the several clerks afore- 
said shall return to the Governor, within ten days after said election, the 
number of ballots cast for or against the Constitution, and the number of 
blank ballots; and the Governor, upon receiving the returns from the 
judges of election or the clerks as aforesaid, and ascertaining the aggregate 
vote throughout the State, shall, by his proclamation, make known the 



362 CONSTITUTION OF THE 

same; and if a majority of the votes cast shall be for the adoption of this 
Constitution, it shall go into effect on Saturday, the fifth day of October, 
1867. 

Don« in convention, the seventeenth day of August, in the year of our 
Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, and of the Inde- 
pendence of the United States the ninety-second. 

RICHARD B. CARMICHAEL, 

President of the Convention. 
Attest: 

Milton Y. Kidd, 

Secretary. 



AMENDMENTS. 

At the January session of the General Assembly in 1890, the following 
amendments were proposed, and, having received a majority of the votes 
cast on the amendments at the general election in 1891, were proclaimed 
by the Governor to be a part of the Constitution. 

SECTION 17, ARTICLE IL— "To guard against hasty or partial legisla- 
tion, and encroachments of the Legislative Department upon the co-ordinate 
Executive and Judicial Departments, every bill which shall have passed the 
House of Delegates and the Senate shall, before it becomes a law, be pre- 
sented to the Governor of the State; if he approve, he shall sign it; but if 
not, he shall return it, with his objections, to the House in which it origi- 
nated, which House shall enter the objections at large on its Journal and 
proceed to reconsider the bill; if, after such reconsideration, three-fifths of 
the members elected to that House shall pass the bill, it shall be sent, with 
the objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be recon- 
sidered, and if passed by three-fifths of the members elected to that House, it 
shall become a law. But in all such cases, the votes of both houses shall be 
determined by yeas and nays; and the names of the persons voting for and 
against the bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House, respectively. 
If any bill shall not be returned by the Governor within six days (Sundays 
excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law 
in like manner as if he signed it; unless the General Assembly shall, by 
adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law; the 
Governor shall have power to disapprove of any item or items of any bills 
making appropriations of money embracing distinct items, and the part or 
parts of the bill approved shall be the law, and the item or items of appro- 
priations disapproved shall be void, unless re-passed according to the rules 
or limitations prescribed for the passage of other bills over the executive 
veto*" 



STATE OF MARYLAND 363 

SECTION 48, ARTICLE III.— "Corporations may be formed under gen- 
eral laws; but shall not be created by special Act, except for municipal 
purposes, and except in cases where no general laws exist providing for the 
creation of corporations of the same general character as the corporation 
proposed to be created; and any Act of incorporation passed in violation of 
this section shall be void; all charters granted or adopted in pursuance of 
this section, and all charters heretofore granted and created, subject to 
repeal or modification, may be altered from time to time, or be repealed; 
provided nothing herein contained shall be construed to extend to banks, 
or the incorporation thereof; the General Assembly shall not alter or amend 
the charter of any corporation existing at the time of the adoption of this 
Article, or pass any other general or special law for the benefit of such 
corporation, except upon the condition that such corporation shall surren- 
der all claim to exemption from taxation or from the repeal or modification 
of its charter, and that such corporation shall thereafter hold its charter 
subject to the provisions of this Constitution; and any corporation char- 
tered by this State which shall accept, use, enjoy or in any wise avail itself 
of any rights, privileges or advantages that may hereafter be granted or 
conferred by any general or special Act, shall be conclusively presumed to 
have thereby surrendered any exemption to which it may be entitled under 
its charter, and shall be thereafter subject to taxation as if no such exemp- 
tion had been granted by its charter." 

SECTION 1, ARTICLE VII.— "County Commissioners shall be elected 
on general ticket of each county by the qualified voters of the sev- 
eral counties of the State on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in the 
month of November, commencing in the year 1891; their number in each 
county, their compensation, powers and duties, shall be such as are now or 
may be hereafter prescribed by law; they shall be elected at such times, in 
such numbers, and for such periods not exceeding six years as may be 
prescribed by law. 

SECTION 3, ARTICLE XII.— "The board of public works is hereby 
authorized, subject to such regulations and conditions as the General As- 
sembly may from time to time prescribe, to sell the State's interest in all 
works of internal improvement, whether as a stockholder or creditor, and 
also the State's interest in any banking corporation, receiving in paym.ent 
the bonds and registered debt now owing by the State, equal in amount to 
the price obtained for the State's said interest." 

SECTION 51, ARTICLE III.— "The personal property of residents of 
this State shall be subject to taxation in the county or city where the resi- 
dent bona Jide resides for the greater part of the year for which the tax may 
or shall be levied, and not elsewhere, except goods and chattels permanently 
located ; but the General Assembly may by law provide for the taxation of 
mortgages upon property in this State and the debts secured thereby in 
the county or city where such property is situated." 



364 CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND 

AMENDMENT ADOPTED AT THE GENERAL ELECTION HELD 
NOVEMBER, 1893. 

SECTION 39, ARTICLE IV.— The General Assembly shall, as often as 
it may think the same proper and expedient, provide by law for the election 
of an additional Judge of the Supreme Bench of Baltimore City, and when- 
ever provision is so made by the General Assembly, there shall be elected 
by the voters of said city another Judge of the Supreme Bench of Balti- 
more City, who shall be subject to the same constitutional provisions, hold 
his office for the same term of years, receive the same compensation and 
have the same powers as are or shall be provided by the Constitution or 
laws of this State, for the Judges of said Supreme Bench of Baltimore City, 
and the General Assembly may provide by laws, or the Supreme Bench by 
its rules, for requiring causes in any of the Courts of Baltimore City to be 
tried before the court without a jury, unless the litigants or some one of 
them shall within such reasonable time or times as may be prescribed, elect 
to have their causes tried before a jury. And the General Assembly may 
reapportion, change or enlarge the jurisdiction of the several courts in 
said city. 

NOTE TO SECTION 24, ARTICLE IV.— General Assembly Act of 1892, 
Chapter 388, increased the salary of Chief Judges and Associate Judges of 
the Circuit Courts from $3500 and $2800, respectively, to $4500 and $3600, 
respectively; and increased the salary of Judges of the Supreme Bench of 
Baltimore City to $4500. 



INDEX 



Abolition, Maryland opposed to, 176. 

Abolitionists, 163, 167. 

Absent soldiers' vote, 180. 

Act, habeas corpus : see Habeas Corpus Act. 

Toleration : see Toleration Act. 
Alexander, Charles, 115. 
Alexander, Thomas S., 180. 
Alsop, George, letter of, 73. 
America, discovery of, 11, 

parts of , possessed by European nations, 12. 
American party, 162. 
Annapolis, founded, 32. 

becomes the capital of the State, 47. 

the chief town, 58. 
Antietam, battle of, 189. 
Anti-slavery party, 163. 
Anti-slavery feeling, growth of, 178. 
Arbitrary use of power, 177. 
Ark and Dove, sailing of, 20. 
Arrests, arbitrary, 173, 175. 
Asbury, Francis, 94. 
Assembly, General, first, 21. 

second, 31. 

at first a primary assembly, 20. 

of 1638, laws passed by, 31. 
Australian ballot system introduced, 205. 
Avalon, settlement of, 17. 
d'Ayllon, Lucas Vasquez, 21. 

Backwoodsmen, 76. 
Bacon's rebellion, 44. 
Bahamas, Columbus lands at, 11. 
Ballot reforms, 205, 206. 
Baltimore, Lord : see Calvert. 

Lords, list of, 52. 
Baltimore, founded, 58. 

incorporated, 124. 

riots ui, 131, 162, 171, 225. 

threatened by British, 136. 

debt, beginning of, 142. 

debt in 1904, 236. 

Federal troops stationed at, 172, 

trade of, 124, 223. 

sesqui-centennial of, 229. 

floods in, 23 (. 

great fire in, 233. 
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, laying of 
corner stone of, 149. 

strike, 224. 
Baltimore City College, 218. 
Baltimore Clippers, 125. 



Baltimore, the cruiser, 236. 
Bankruptcy, State threatened with, 11 
Banks, N. P., 174. 
Barbary pirates : see Pirates. 
Barney, Joshua, 115, 133, 135. 
Barron, James, 127, 159. 
Bennett, Richard, 33. 
Blackiston, Nehemiah, 46. 
Blackiston's Island, landing on, 21. 
Bladensburg, battle of, 135. 
Bohemia Manor, 36. 
Booth, John Wilkes, 195. 
Boston, port of, closed, 86. 

supplies sent to, 86. 
Boteler, John, 26. 

Boundaries of province, original, 36, 
Braddock, General, 50. 
Bradford, Augustus W., 176, 179. 
Brent, Margaret, 29. 
Brent, Mary, 29. 
Brown, George William, 163. 
Browne, Wm. Hand, 216. 
Burgesses, House of, 41. 
Butler, B. F., 172. 

Calvert, Benedict Leonard, 44, 48. 
Calvert, Cecilius, Lord Baltimore. 

founder of Maryland, 15. 

receives charter of Maryland, 19. 

death of, 43. 

and the Jesuits, 48. 
Calvert, Charles, 35. 

befriended by King Charles II., 43. 
Calvert, Frederick, 48, 52. 
Calvert, George, Lord Baltimore. 

birth of, 15. 

knighted, 15. 

Secretary of State, 15. 

professes the Catholic faith, 17. 

founder of Maryland, 15. 

created Baron Baltimore, 17. 

receives grant of Avalon, 17. 

sails from Avalon, 17. 

character of, i8. 

death of, 17. 
Calvert, Leonard, first Governor, 20. 

death of, 29. 
Calvert, Philip, 34. 
Camden, battle of, 105. 
Canada, invasion of, 132. 
Canals, building of, 148. 



365 



INDEX 



Capital, State, removed to Annapolis, 47. 
Carroll, Charles, of Carrollton, 86, 88, 89, 

95, 122, 149, 165. 
Carroll, Daniel, 122. 
Carroll, John Lee, 94- 
Catholics, hatred of, 17, 18, 23. 

number of, in the colony, 41. 

supposed plot of, 46. 

persecuted, 47. 
Caulk's Field, battle of, 134. 
Charles I., 17, 30. 
Charles II., 32, 34, 43. 
Charleston surrendered to British, 104, 
Chase, Samuel, 87, 8S, 89, 95. 
Chesapeake Bay first entered by a Euro- 
pean, 21. 

lack of towns due to, 61. 

the great highway, bi. 

shores of, plundered by British, iii, 134. 

blockaded, 134. 
Chesapeake and Leopard, 127. 
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 148. 
Cheseldyn, Kenelm, 46. 
Church, Catholic, in America, 94. 

Episcopal, 93. 

Methodist, 93. 
Civil War, begins, 171. 

ends, 192. 

cost of, 223. 
Claggett, Thomas John, 93. 
Claiborne, William, settles on Kent Island, 
23. 

enemy of Lord Baltimore, 23, 33. 

his ships captured, 25. 

invades Maryland, 26. 
Clergy ineligible to the General Assembly, 

47- 
Climate, 72. 

Clinton, Sir Henry, 103. 
Clipper ships, 125. 
Cockatrice captured, 25. 
Coke, Thomas, 93. 
Colleges in the State, list of, 216. 
Colonists, classes of, 72. 

the first, sail, 20. 
Colored persons : see Negroes. 
Columbus, II. 

Commerce of Maryland, destroyed by block- 
ade, 134. 

of Baltimore, 223. 
Committees of correspondence, 87. 
Confederation of colonies, Maryland refuses 
to join, 119. 

joins, 120. 
Confederate soldiers in Maryland, status of, 

195. 
Congress of Colonies, delegates to, 87. 
Constitution, State, the first, adopted, gi. 

changes in, 179. 

of 1864, 179, 180. 

of 1867, 201. 
Constitution of United States adopted, 122. 
Convention, Federal, delegates to, 122. 
Convention, Constitutiopal, first, 89. 

of 1864, 178. 

of 1867, 201. 



Convicts, 73. 
Coode, John, 46, 47. 
Cooke, Ebenezer, letter of, 65. 
Cooper, Peter, his locomotive, 149. 
Copley, Sir Lionel, 46. 
Cornwaleys, Thomas, 20. 
Cornwallis, surrender of, 113, 
Council of Maryland, 20, 41. 

captured by Coode, 46. 
Covington, Fort, battle at, 
Cowpens, battle of, 107. 
Cresap, Michael, 98. 
Cromwell, Oliver, 34. 
Cumberland, labor riots in. 
Customs : see Manners. 



[40. 



225. 



Debt, Baltimore City, beginning of, 142. 

in 1904, 236. 
Debt, State, beginning of, 142. 

in 1904, 236. 
Decatur, Stephen, 126, 159. 
Defenders, the Old, 142. 
Delegates, House of, 41. 
Democratic Conservative party, 200. 
Democratic party, 145, 200, 204. 
Dewey, George, 236, 237. 
Discontent of colonies, causes of, 80. 
Disfranchisement of citizens, 179, 196, 197. 

removed, 198. 
District of Columbia, chosen as seat of 

Federal Government, 124. 
Dixie, the cruiser, 236. 
Doughoregan Manor, 66. 
Douglass, Frederick, 165. 
Dove : see Ark and Dove. 
Duels, 159. 

Dulany, Daniel, S2, 100. 
Dutch, possessions of, in America, 12. 

settlement of, 36. 

trade of, with colonies, 43. 

Eden, Sir Robert, 48, 87. 
Education, higher, State aid to, 213. 
Elections, Federal interference in, 175. 

frauds in, 178, 198. 

results of, 204. 
Ellicott City, 149. 
Elliott, Jesse D., 132. 
Elzey, Arnold, 185. 
Emancipation Proclamation, 178. 
Embargo on vessels in American ports, 128. 
England, Church of, 41, 47. 
England, possessions of in America, 12. 

war with, causes of, 126. 

declared, 131. 
Enoch Pratt Free Library of Baltimore, 21 1. 
Episcopal church : see Church. 
Ericsson, Leif, 11. 
Eutaw, battle of, no. 

Factional feeling in Maryland, 171, 195. 

Farm products, 70. 

Federalists, 132, 145. 

Federal Republican, riots caused by, 131. 

Fendall, Josias, 34. 

Fendall's Rebellion, 34. 



INDEX 



367 



Fillmore, Millard, 162. 

Fire of 1904 : see Baltimore. 

first Maryland regiment, 184, 185. 

Fleete, Henry, 25. 

Floods, 231. 

Ford, John D., 236. 

Fort Mifflin, 102. 

Fox-hunting, 69. 

France, ally of the colonies, 95, 114. 

possessions of, in America, 12. 
Frauds in elections : see Elections. 
Frederick, founded, 76. 

ransomed by Confederates, 190. 
Freemen, 72. 

Free negroes : see Negroes. 
Free school, first in the colony, 47. 
Free schools : see Public Schools. 
Free-soil party, 163. 
French and Indian War, 49. 
Friends : see Quakers. 
Frietchie, Barbara, 188. 
Fugitive slaves : see Slaves. 
Fuller, William, 33, 34. 
Furniture, colonial,. 66. 

Game, abundance of, 69. 

Garrett, Mary, 212. 

Gates, General, 105. 

Gazette, Rlarylaiid, 61, 82. 

George I., 48. 

GeoYge III., 84. 

Germans in Maryland, 76, 164. 

Gettysburg, battle of, 190. 

Gilman, Daniel C., 212. 

Gilnior, Harry, 192. 

Gist, Mordecai, 98, 106. 

Goldsborough, Robert, 87. 

Gorsuch, Edward, case of, 166. 

Government, State : see State Government. 

Greene, Nathaniel, 107. 

Guilford, battle of, 108. 

Gunby, Colonel, 106, no. 

Habeas Corpus Act, suspended, 174. 
Hagar, Jonathan, 77. 
Hagerstown, founded, 77. 

mentioned by Mrs. Trollope, 156. 

ransomed by Confederates, 190. 
Hanson, Alexander C, 132. 
Hardman, Major, in. 
Havvley, Jerome, 20. 
Hearne, Thomas, n:, 43. 
Heathe, Richard K., 137. 
Henry, John, 122. 
Herman, Augustine, 36. 
Hicks, Thomas H., 168. 
Home manufacturers, rise of, 128. 
Hood, Zachariah, 81. 
Hopkins, Johns, 212. 
Hornet, the cruiser, 114. 
Hospitality, 65. 

Household furniture : see Furniture. 
Houses, how built, 66. 

Howard, John Eager, 106, 107,108, no, in. 
Flowe, Sir William, 100. 
Hundreds, the, 30. 



Ibbertson's schoolf 221, 

Immigration, 168. 

Independence, not desired at first, 87. 

Maryland concurs in, 88. 

Declaration of, 88. 
Indians, friendliness of, 21, 56. 

raids of, 49. 

tribes of, 56. 
Ingle, Richard, invasion of , 26. 
Initiative in legislation, 31. 
Instructions, letter of, to Leonard Calvert, 

23- 

Interest payments suspended, 149. 

resumed, 150. 
Invasions of Maryland by Confederate 

army, 187, 190. 
Inventions, mechanical, 168. 
Iron-clad oath, 179. 

Jackson, Stonewall, 185, 188. 

James I., 15. 

James II., 45. 

Jamestown, 13, 17. 

Jenifer, Daniel, of St. Thomas, 122. 

Jesuits, 48. 

Jews, enfranchisement of, 146. 

Johns Hopkins Hospital, 212. 

Johns Hopkins University, 212. 

Johnson, Bradley T., 185, 186. 

Johnson, Mrs. Bradley T., 185. 

Johnson, Reverdy, 180. 

Johnson, Thomas, 92, 95. 

Joppa, 58. 

Jowles, Henry, 46. 

de Kalb, 95, 104, 105, io6. 

Kane, George P., 174. 

Kenly, John R., 174, 184, 186, 187. 

Kent Island, Claiborne's settlemtnt on, 23. 

claimed by Virginia, 25. 

captured by Leonard Calvert, 26. 
Key, Francis Scott, 139. 
Keyser, William, 2r3. 
Kindergarten, first, in Maryland, 221. 
King William School, 47, 214. 
Know-nothing party, 162. 

Lafayette, 94, 112. 

Lafayette, Fort, 175. 

Latrobe, John H. B., 215. 

Laws of the colony, first passed, 21. 

disputes as to, 31. 

revised, 48. 
Lee, Charles, 102, 103. 
Lee, Henry, 132. 

Lee, Robert E., 187, 189, 190, 192. 
Letter of instructions : see Instructions. 
Lewger, John, 31, 32. 
Liberia, colony of, 167. 
Liberty party, 167. 
Lights used by early settlers, 67, 
Lincoln, Abraham, 168, 173, 177. 

inaugural address of, 193. 

assassinated, 195. 
Lingan, James M., 132. 
Long Island, battle of, 98. 



.^68 



INDEX 



McCausland, John, 190. 
McDonogh Institute, 209. 
McDonogh, Jolin, 209. 
Mc Henry, James, 122. 
McHenry, Fort, 173, 174. 

bombarded, 139. 
Manners, in colonial times, 57, 58, 61, 63, 
65,66, 75, 77. 

in early nineteenth century, 153-158. 
Manors, old Maryland, 63. 
Maps, of America, 12. 
Map, Herman's, of Maryland, 36. 
Martin, Luther, 122, 165. 
Maryland, charter of, received by Lord Bal- 
timore, 19. 

named, 17. 

a palatinate, 19. 

compared with other English >:olonies, 13. 

purpose of its founding, 14, 18. 

boundaries of, 36, 37, 38. 

becomes a royal colony, 46. 

conservatism of, 87. 

concurs in independence, 88. 

troops furnished by, in Revolution, 98, 100. 

refuses to join the Confederation, 119. 

joins the Confederation, 120 

advances funds for Federal Capital, 124. 

opposed to secession, 168, 176. 

not opposed to slavery, 176. 

troops in Civil War, 184, 186. 
Maryland Agricultural College, 216. 
Maryland Brigade in Civil VVar, 186. 

in Mexican War, 153. 
Maryland Day, 21. 
Maryland Historical Society, 216. 
Maryland Institute, 215, 235 
Maryland Line, in Revolution, 103. 

survivors of, 114. 
Mason and Dixon's Line, 37. 
Massachusetts, charter of, annulled, 86. 

troops attacked in Baltimore, 171. 

opposes the embargo, 128. 
Mercer, John Francis, 122. 
Merryman, John, case of 173. 
Messiah, Church of, destroyed, 235. 
Methodist Church : see Church. 
Mexico, war with, 152. 
Mififlin, Fort, defense of, 102. 
Military occupation of the State, 172, 175, 

195, 196. 
Minority rule, 146, 197. 
Missionary stations broken up, 29. 
Money, paper : see Paper Money. 
Monmouth, battle of, 102. 
Moravian sisters, banner of, 95. 
Murdock, William, 82. 
Mynne, Anne, 15. 

Nanticoke Indians, 56. 
Naturalization, first, in Maryland, 36. 
Naval Academy, proposed removal of, 201. 
Navigation Act, 43. 
Negroes, free, 167. 

political status of, 197. 

vote for first time, 204. 

schools for, 218. 



Negro slaves, 74, 164, 165, 166. 
Nicholson, Francis, 47. 
Nicholson, James, 115. 
Nicholson, John, 115. 
Nicholson, Samuel, 115. 
Non-importation societies, 82. 
Normal School, State, 218. 
North Point, battle of, 136. 
Northmen : see Vikings. 

Gates, Titus, Lord Baltimore warned of 

his plot, 43. 
Oath, iron-clad, 179. [tion. 

Occupation, military : see Military Occupa- 
Old Defenders : see Defenders. 
Oysters, 70. 

Paca, William, 87, 8g. 

Palatinate, Maryland a : see Mar^dand. 

Palmer's Island, 26. 

Paper money, 118. 

Papists : see Catholics. 

Parker, Sir Peter, 134. 

Pascatavvay Indians, 56. 

Peabody, George, 151, 209, 216. 

Peabody Institute, 209. 

Peggy Stewart, burning of the, 83. 

Penn, William, 37. 

Philadelphia, Congress meets at, 87. 

taken by British, 102. 

evacuated, 103. 
Pinkney, William, 127. 
Pirates, Barbary, suppressed, 125. 
Planters, 72. 
Plundering time, 26. 
Poe, Edgar Allan, 159. 
Political parties, 145 : see Democratic, etc. 

new, 162. 
Population of the twelve colonies, 49. 
Portugal, possessions of, in America, 12. 
Post route, first, established, 62. 
Potomac Company, 148. 
Potomac river : see Boundaries of Province. 
Pratt, Enoch, 211. 
Pratt, Thomas G., 151. 
Privateers, 115, 133. 
Products, agricultural, 70. 
Proprietary government overthrown, 46. 

restored, 48. 
Proprietor, Lord, 19. 

disputes of, with colonists, 41. 

with the King, 44. 

is deposed, 46. 

list of, 52. 
Protestants, hatred of, for Catholics, 18, 23, 
32, 33, 47- 

number in colony, 41. 
Providence, settlement of: see Annapolis. 
Proxies, 30. 

Public school system, 217-221. 
Pulaski, 94. 
Puritans, driven from Virginia, 32. 

take refuge in Maryland, 32. 

get control of government, 33. 

intolerance of, 33. 

number of in colony, 41. 



INDEX 



369 



Quakers, settle in Maryland, 35. 
refuse allegiance, 35. 
opposed to slavery, 165. 

Railroad, first, in Maryland, 149. 

Ramsay, Nathaniel, 103. 

Rangers, 76. 

Redemptioners, 72. 

Reed, Philip, 135. 

Reforms in the State government, 146, 198. 

Registration Act of 1865, 196. 

repealed, 200. 
Remsen, Ira, 213. 

Republican party, 145, 167, 200, 204. 
Ridgely, Randolph, 153. 
Ringgold, Samuel, 152. 
Ringgold, Thomas, 82. 
Riots in Baltimore : see Baltimore. 
Roads, building of, 148. 

rolling, 62. 
Rodgers, John, 136. 
Rousby, Christopher, 45. 

St. John's College, 214. 
St. Mary's, settlement of, 21. 

growth of, 58. 

capital removed from, 47. 
Sampson, W. T., 237. 
Santiago, battle of, 237. 
Schley, John Thomas, 76. 
Schley, William, 180. 
Schley, Winfield Scott, 76, 237. 
Schools in the State, list of, 216. 
Schools, public : see Public Schools. 
Seal, great, of Maryland, 27. [142. 

Search, right of, on American vessels, 127, 
Secession, Maryland opposed to, 168. 

in Maryland, feared by Federal govern- 
ment, 175. 

the question of, 175, 176. 
Secret ballot introduced, 205. 
Sectional feeling, 195. 
Sesqui-centennial : see Baltimore. 
Settlements, scattered, reasons for, 57. 
Settlers : see Colonists. 
Severn, the battle of tlie, 33. 
Seward, Secretary, 177. 
Slaves, negro, in Maryland, 74, 164. 

importation of, forbidden, 165. 

fugitive, 166. 

number set free in Maryland, 180. 
Slavery, Maryland divided on question of, 
163, 164. 

abolished in District of Columbia, 176. 

in the Territories, 178. 

in Maryland, 179. 
Smallwood, William, 98, 106. 
Smitli, John Walter, 205. 
Smith, Samuel, 102, 136. 
Smith, Thomas, 26. 
Soil, 72. 

Sons of Liberty, 82. 

Southern States, Maryland classed with, 163. 
South Mountain, battle of, 189. 
Spain, possessions of in America, 12. 

war with, 236. 



Sports in colony, 69. 
Stamp Act, 49, 80. 

repealed, 82. 
Stamps not allowed to be sold, 81. 
Star Spangled Banner, writing of, 139. 
State invests in securities, 149. 

military occupation of : see Military Occu- 
pation. 

Constitution : see Constitution. 
State Government organized, 89, 91. 

reform in, 146. 
States, jealousy among the, 121. 
Stewart, Anthony, 83, 84. 
Stirling, Lord, 98. 
Stone, Thomas, 89. 
Stone, William, 30, 33. 
Stone, Captain William, 115. 
Strieker, John, 136. 

Strike, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 224. 
Strikes, labor, 129, 
Stuyvesant, Peter, 36. 
Susquehannough Indians, 26, 56. 
Swann, Thomas, 162, 197. 
Swedes, settlement of, 35. 

Talbot, George, 44,45. 

Taney, Roger Brooke, 165, 773, 174. 

Taxes, not to be laid by Parliament, 20, 44. 

on tea, etc.. 82. 
Telegraph, electric, first in America, 151. 
Theatre, first, in colony, 61. 
Thomas Wilson Sanitarium, 210. 
Tilghman, Edward, 82. 
Tilghman, Matthew, 87. 
Tilghman, Tench, 113. 
Tobacco, grown by all settlers, 70. 

used as money, 71. 

trade interfered with, 43, 44. 
Toleration, religious, 14, 18, 30. 
Toleration Act passed, 30. 
Tome Institute, 210. 
Tome, Jacob, 210. 
Tories, 100. 
Towns, early, 58. 
Towson, Nathan, 132. 
Trade, growth of, 124. 

of Baltimore, 124, 223. 
Tripoli, war with, 125. 
Troops, Federal : see Baltimore. 

Maryland, in Revolution : see Marvland. 

in Civil War : see Maryland. 

Union of Colonies, causes of. So. 
Union Party, Radical, 200. 

Conservative, 200. 
University of Maryland, 214. 
Utie, Nathaniel, 35, 36. 

Vikings, II. 

Virginia hostile to Maryland, 21. 

claims Kent Island, 25. 

disputes with, about boundary, 39. 

Wagner, Jacob, 131. 

Warren, Fort, 175. 

War with England, opposition to, 131. 



370 



INDEX 



Warfield, Cliarles Alexander, 83, 84. 
Warfield, Edwin, 205. 
Washington, George, 95, 103, 12:4. 
Washington City founded, 124. 

taken by the British, 136. 
Washington College, 214. 
Wasp, the cruiser, 114. 
Watson, William H., 153. 
Webster, John A., 140. 
Weems, Mason, case of, gj. 
Western lands, question of, 120. 



Western country, development of, 148. 

Whigs, 146. 

White, Andrew, 29. 

William and Mary, delay in proclaiming 4^. 

Williams, Otho H., 104, 105, 106, no, n'l. 

Wilson, Thomas, 211. 

Winder, William H., 135. 

Women of Maryland, beauty of, 61, 156, 158. 

patriotism of, 112. 
Wye Hall, 66. 
Wyman, William, 213. 



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